The Antler Cycle and Fecal Testosterone of Male Sambar Deer Rusa unicolor unicolor at the Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka

Table 1

Distribution of fecal testosterone concentration (ng g^-1) at each antler stage of sambar deer in Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka.

Stage of the antler cycle	Fecal testosterone concentration (ng g^-1)
		Minimum	Maximum	Range
Cast		4	5.6	1.6
Growing 1—single spike		5	10	5
Growing 2—antler fork into a Y as the second tine appears		5.2	15	9.8
Growing 3—velvet begins to harden as the third tine appears		7	13	6
Growth completed—velvet shedding begins		12	17	5
Hard antler		16	22	6
Casting		5.1	9.2	4.1