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No. | Animal | Form | Dosage (mg/kg) | Antioxidant parameters | Biological activity | Pathway | References |
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1 | CCl4-induced acute liver injury mice | GLPS | 100 - 150 | NOS CYP2E1 MDA, GSH | Suppressing free radical lipid peroxidation | Decreasing of the protein expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in acute liver injury. ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein) NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor 3) Caspase-1 GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate hydrogenase | [22] |
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2 | Croton oil applied skin edema in rats | Ethanol extract of sporocarps | 500 and 1000 mg/kg | | Antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities | Direct anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties of the extract | [23] |
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3 | Photoreceptor cell lesions induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in female SD arts | Ganoderma spore lipid (GSL) | 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg | Expressions of Bax, Bcl-xl, and caspase-3 | Improve A-wave amplitude (μv) decreased apoptosis levels | Regulate the expressions of Bax, Bcl-xl, and caspases-3, inhibiting MNU-induced rat, photoreceptor cell apoptosis, and protecting retinal function | [30] |
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4 | A carotid-artery-ligation mouse model | Ganoderma triterpenoid (GT) | 300 mg/kg/day | Intimal hyperplasia structural changes VCAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 | Atheroprotective properties | Endothelin-1, von Willebrand factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 | [33] |
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5 | Swimming-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle mice | GLPS | 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg | SOD, GPX, and CAT activities as well as by the MDA levels | Attenuates exercise-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle | Increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and decrease the MDA levels. Protective effects against exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress | [32] |
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6 | Rat gastric cancer model | GLPS | 400-800 mg/kg for 20 weeks | SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px | Antioxidant | Induced the levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels and increased the levels of serum IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in GLP-treated rats compared to gastric cancer model rats | [37] |
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7 | BALB/c female mice | GLPS i.p. daily | 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg | SOD and GSH-Px | Antioxidant | Improved immunity in mice. Increased thymus and spleen index; improved SOD and GSH-Px contents in the mice body | [31] |
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8 | T2DM rats | GLPS | 200, 400, and 800 mg × kg-1 for 16 weeks | NO, SOD, MDA, GSH-Px, and CAT MDA in cardiac tissue | Antioxidation in cardiac tissue of T2DM rats | Reduce MDA in cardiac tissue and improve the myocardial ultrastructure | [34] |
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9 | Male BALB/c mice (age19-21 months) (aged mice) | Ethanolic extract of G. lucidum | 50 and 250 mg/kg, once daily for 15 days | GSH Mn-SOD, GPx, and GST | Antioxidant in heart tissues | Elevated the levels of GSH as well as activities of MnSOD, GPx, and GST and decreased significantly the levels of lipid peroxidation, AOPP, and ROS. Improve the age-related decline of antioxidant status which was partly ascribed to free radical scavenging activity | [38] |
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10 | B16 mouse melanoma | Methanol extract containing total terpenoids (GLme) and a purified methanol extract containing mainly acidic terpenoids (GLpme) | A daily i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) | Production of oxygen radical caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death-mediated production of reactive oxygen species | Anticancer | The mechanism of antitumor activity of GLme comprised inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death mediated by upregulated p53 and inhibited Bcl-2 expression | [86] |
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11 | With non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) | Ganoderma lucidum spores | 250 mg/kg × d, for 10 | Xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in the testis | Reducing free radical-induceddamage to the testicular tissue | Protect the testis of diabetic rats by reducing free radical-induced damage to the testicular tissue and enhancing the activity of SDH | [35] |
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12 | Epididymal cells of type 2 diabetes rats | Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS) | 250 mg/kg × d, for 10 weeks | Contents of mitochondrial calcium & cytochrome C | Antipoptosis induced by DM | Protect epididymal cells and counteract their apoptosis in diabetic condition | [36] |
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13 | Liver tissue of rats | Ganoderma lucidum peptide | 27.1 μg/mL | Malondialdehyde level | Antioxidant | Substantial antioxidant activity in the rat liver tissue homogenates and mitochondrial membrane peroxidation systems | [87] |
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14 | Lupus mice | Ganoderma tsugae | 0.5 mg/kg/day | Decreased proteinuria, decreased serum levels of antidsDNA autoantibody | Prevention of autoantibody | Prevention of autoantibody formation | [88] |
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