Effect of the Abnormal Expression of BMP-4 in the Blood of Diabetic Patients on the Osteogenic Differentiation Potential of Alveolar BMSCs and the Rescue Effect of Metformin: A Bioinformatics-Based Study

Figure 5

BMP-4/Smad/Runx2 signaling promotes the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs from T2DM patients. (a) BMP-4 levels in the matrix supernatant of alveolar bone debris from implant sockets of T2DM patients who underwent oral implantation were significantly lower than those of nondiabetic patients. (b) rhBMP-4 dose-dependently enhanced ALP expression and mineralization in BMSCs from T2DM patients; “+” represents 10 ng/ml, and “++” represents 50 ng/ml. (c) Western blotting results showing that rhBMP-4 promoted Runx2 expression by stimulating p-Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and that LDN-193189 significantly inhibited the aforementioned effects of rhBMP-4. (d) The promoting effect of rhBMP-4 on ALP expression and in vitro mineralization in BMSCs from T2DM patients can be inhibited by LDN-193189. The data are presented as the . ; .

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