Effect of the Abnormal Expression of BMP-4 in the Blood of Diabetic Patients on the Osteogenic Differentiation Potential of Alveolar BMSCs and the Rescue Effect of Metformin: A Bioinformatics-Based Study

Figure 6

Metformin improves the osteogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs from T2DM patients. (a) Metformin dose-dependently promoted the secretion of BMP-4 by BMSCs from T2DM patients. (b) Western blotting results showing that metformin promoted Runx2 expression by stimulating Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation; “+” represents 30 μM, and “++” represents 100 μM. The effect of 100 μM metformin on Smad signaling activation was similar to that of 50 ng/ml rhBMP-4. (c) Metformin promoted ALP expression and in vitro mineralization in BMSCs from T2DM patients. Again, the effect of 100 μM metformin was similar to that of 50 ng/ml rhBMP-4. (d) Metformin regulates the osteogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs from T2DM patients through the BMP-4/Smad/Runx2 signaling pathway. The data are presented as the . ; .

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