Towards Targeted Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Risk Profiles of People Who Inject Drugs in Haiphong (Vietnam)

Table 1

Drug use, risk behaviors, and mental health characteristics (active variables) in study participants.

		%	95% CI
Number of years since the first injection of heroin
<5	396	28.7	26.3-31.2
5 to <10	357	25.8	23.6-28.2
10 to <15	296	21.4	19.3-23.7
≥15	331	24.0	21.8-26.4
Number of days of heroin injection, last month
≤15	111	8.0	6.7-9.6
>15	161	11.7	10.4-13.5
Everyday	1108	80.2	78.9-83.5
Number of heroin injections in a typical day, last month
1	235	17.0	15.1-19.1
2	616	44.6	42.0-47.3
3	439	31.7	29.3-34.3
≥4	90	6.5	5.3-8.0
Smoked methamphetamine use
Never	386	28.0	25.6-30.4
Ever used but not in the last month	321	23.3	22.8-25.7
Used in the last month	673	48.8	46.2-51.4
Other drug use^a,b
Cannabis only	247	17.9	15.8-19.9
Other^c	442	32.1	30.1-35.1
At-risk alcohol consumption^a	421	30.4	28.0-33.1
Binge drinking^a	168	12.2	10.4-14.2
Use of street methadone^a	533	38.6	37.3-40.5
Currently receiving prescribed methadone	164	11.8	10.2-13.7
Overdose associated with a loss of consciousness^a	47	3.4	2.5-4.5
Use of a shared needle/syringe^a	68	4.9	3.8-6.0
Use of shared water/novocain^a	187	13.6	11.8-15.5
Safe sex with a primary partner^a	495	35.8	33.3-38.4
Unsafe sex with a primary partner^a	123	8.9	7.4-10.5
Safe sex with a casual partner^a	155	11.2	9.6-13.0
Unsafe sex with a casual partner^a	82	5.9	4.8-7.4
Depression and anxiety (PHQ4)
None	979	70.9	68.5-73.3
Mild	298	21.6	19.5-23.9
Moderate	69	4.9	3.9-6.3
Severe	34	2.4	1.7-3.4

^aIn the past 6 months; ^bin addition to heroin and methamphetamine; ^camong amphetamine, benzodiazepine, cocaine, methadone, and cannabis.