Research Article
Association between Normal Thyroid Hormones and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Clinical characteristics of T2DM patients with or without DR.
| | Characteristics | Total (n = 633) | Non-DR (n = 390) | DR (n = 243) | |
| | Age (y) | 52.60 ± 10.59 | 49.59 ± 10.30 | 57.44 ± 9.18 | <0.001 | | Gender (male), n (%) | 444 (70.1) | 298 (76.4) | 146 (60.1) | <0.001 | | Duration of T2DM (years) | 8.43 ± 6.33 | 5.93 ± 5.28 | 12.45 ± 5.80 | <0.001 | | Smoking, n (%) | | | | <0.001 | | No smoking | 340 (53.7) | 183 (46.9) | 157 (64.6) | | | Smoking | 242 (38.2) | 178 (45.6) | 64 (26.3) | | | Quit smoking | 51 (8.1) | 29 (7.4) | 22 (9.1) | | | Drinking, n (%) | | | | <0.001 | | No drinking | 453 (71.6) | 251 (64.4) | 202 (83.1) | | | Drinking | 157 (24.8) | 123 (31.5) | 34 (14.0) | | | Quit drinking | 23 (3.6) | 16 (4.1) | 7 (2.9) | | | Hypertension, n (%) | 254 (40.1) | 125 (32.1) | 129 (53.1) | <0.001 | | Insulin, n (%) | 393 (62.1) | 220 (56.4) | 173 (71.2) | <0.001 | | Metformin, n (%) | 401 (63.3) | 257 (65.9) | 144 (59.3) | 0.107 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 25.85 ± 3.36 | 25.95 ± 3.36 | 25.70 ± 3.37 | 0.368 | | WHtR | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.742 | | SBP (mmHg) | 128.62 ± 17.38 | 125.48 ± 16.68 | 133.67 ± 17.33 | <0.001 | | DBP (mmHg) | 80.08 ± 10.73 | 79.47 ± 10.96 | 81.05 ± 10.28 | 0.071 | | HbA1c (%) | 8.86 ± 2.01 | 8.81 ± 2.05 | 8.94 ± 1.95 | 0.412 | | FPG (mmol/L) | 8.88 ± 3.19 | 8.77 ± 3.22 | 9.04 ± 3.12 | 0.296 | | TC (mmol/L) | 4.14 ± 1.08 | 4.10 ± 0.95 | 4.22 ± 1.26 | 0.179 | | TG (mmol/L) | 1.57 (1.07, 2.38) | 1.59 (1.11, 2.47) | 1.45 (1.00, 2.27) | 0.160 | | LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.38 ± 0.79 | 2.35 ± 0.76 | 2.43 ± 0.83 | 0.197 | | HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.98 ± 0.25 | 0.97 ± 0.24 | 1.00 ± 0.26 | 0.133 | | HGB (g/L) | 141.69 ± 15.47 | 145.07 ± 13.31 | 136.27 ± 17.09 | <0.001 | | TSH (uIU/ml) | 2.01 (1.37, 2.89) | 1.95 (1.37, 2.81) | 2.08 (1.36, 2.95) | 0.235 | | FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.72 ± 0.51 | 4.83 ± 0.50 | 4.56 ± 0.47 | <0.001 | | FT4 (pmol/L) | 16.42 ± 2.13 | 16.46 ± 2.02 | 16.36 ± 2.30 | 0.573 | | Positive TPO-Ab, n (%) | 40 (6.3) | 25 (6.4) | 15 (6.2) | 1.000 |
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Values are expressed as means ± SD or median (range) or count and percentage. BMI: body mass index; DR: diabetic retinopathy; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; FT3: free triiodothyronine; FT4: free thyroxine; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HGB: hemoglobin; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; TPO-Ab: thyroid peroxidase antibody; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio.
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