Diagnosis of Patent Foramen Ovale: The Combination of Contrast Transcranial Doppler, Contrast Transthoracic Echocardiography, and Contrast Transesophageal Echocardiography

<div>The quantification of the shunt in a patient using two techniques. (a) cTTE shows the left ventricle nearly filled with microbubbles after opacification of the right chambers within the first 3 circles in every single frame image. (b) cTEE shows ≤10 microbubbles appearing in the left atrium after opacification of the right chambers within the first 3 cardiac cycles in every single frame image.</div>

BioMed Research International

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Figure 2: Diagnosis of Patent Foramen Ovale: The Combination of Contrast Transcranial Doppler, Contrast Transthoracic Echocardiography, and Contrast Transesophageal Echocardiography 

Figure 2 | Diagnosis of Patent Foramen Ovale: The Combination of Contrast Transcranial Doppler, Contrast Transthoracic Echocardiography, and Contrast Transesophageal Echocardiography 