Diagnosis of Patent Foramen Ovale: The Combination of Contrast Transcranial Doppler, Contrast Transthoracic Echocardiography, and Contrast Transesophageal Echocardiography

Table 3

The semiquantitative grading of the shunt using 3 techniques.

Grade	cTCD	cTTE	cTEE
Negative	2	11	4
Mild	4	4	23
Moderate	7	11	44
Severe	89	76	31

cTCD: contrast transcranial Doppler; cTTE: contrast transthoracic echocardiography; cTEE: contrast transesophageal echocardiography. See text for definition.