Modulated Electrohyperthermia: A New Hope for Cancer Patients

Figure 3

Schematic representation of the stimulation of immunogenic cell death- (ICD-) treating cells with different ICD inducers, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and mEHT, results in the induction of cancer cells, which leads them to undergo apoptosis. Subsequently, apoptotic cells express damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) hallmarks, including the translocation of calreticulin from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface, the release of high-mobility group B1 (HMGB1) from the nucleus, the extracellular secretion of ATP, and the expression of various heat shock proteins on the cell surface. This DAMP signal leads to the activation and maturation of dendritic cells, followed by activating several antitumor immune responses. This figure was adapted from Zhou et al. [124].