Maternal Health Service Uptake Is Associated with a Higher Skin-to-Skin Care Practice in Ethiopia: Result from a National Survey

Table 1

Proportion of SSC by sociodemographic characteristics and maternal health services in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.

Variables	Frequency	Percent	Proportion of SSC practice with 95% CI
Maternal age at delivery
< =18	558	7.5	24.3 [19.25,30.20]
19-34	5,612	74.9	25.8 [23.39,28.31]
> =35	1,318	17.6	17.7 [14.38,21.68]
Educational status
No formal education	4,753	63.5	18.1 [15.75,20.71]
Primary	2,118	28.3	29.8 [26.68,33.12]
Secondary	412	5.5	54.0 [46.05,61.68]
Higher	205	2.7	49.9 [37.95,61.87]
Place of residence
Urban	921	12.3	53.2 [46.81,59.47]
Rural	6,567	87.7	20.2 [17.88,22.72]
Regional distribution
Tigray	529	7.1	47.8 [40.15,55.47]
Afar	69	0.9	15.8 [12.20,20.25]
Amhara	1,610	21.5	20.8 [17.58,24.36]
Oromia	3,099	41.4	20.6 [16.72,25.10]
Somali	266	3.6	14.5 [10.82,19.25]
Benishangul-Gumuz	80	1.1	30.3 [22.62,39.16]
SNNPR	1,585	21.2	25.6 [19.36,28.43]
Gambela	20	0.3	34.2 [28.18,40.67]
Harari	17	0.2	43.1 [35.74,50.69]
Addis Ababa	180	2.4	62.7 [55.80,69.12]
Dire Dawa	33	0.4	47.9 [40.92,54.98]
Wealth index
Poorest	1,642	21.9	13.0 [10.12,16.60]
Poorer	1,642	21.9	19.0 [15.69,22.87]
Middle	1,574	21.0	22.2 [18.39,26.50]
Richer	1,411	18.9	26.2 [22.46,30.32]
Richest	1,219	16.3	46.8 [42.40,51.31]
Current employment status
Not employed	5,353	71.5	22.2 [19.87,24.81]
Employed	2,135	28.5	29.3 [25.96,32.86]
Current marital status
Never in union	56	0.75	39.3 [22.26,59.35]
Currently in union	7,011	93.6	24.2 [21.91,26.56]
Formerly in union	421	5.6	23.8 [18.88,29.61]
Sex of child
Male	3,894	52.0	22.9 [20.43,25.53]
Female	3,594	48.0	25.7 [22.88,28.83]
Perceived baby size at birth ()
Small	2,022	27.2	21.2[18.12,24.56]
Normal (average or above)	5,401	72.8	25.6[23.21,28.06]
Antenatal care visits ()
No visit	2,804	37.5	10.2 [8.09,12.86]
1-4 visit	3,498	46.8	29.7 [26.74,32.89]
>4 visits	1,171	15.7	41.4 [37.15,45.69]
Place of delivery
Home	5,171	69.1	8.8 [6.99,11.10]
Health facility	2,317	30.9	58.7 [54.98,62.24]
Cesarean section delivery
No	7,353	98.2	24.0 [21.81,26.42]
Yes	135	1.8	35.6 [25.77,46.82]
Parity
First birth	1,407	18.8	35.6 [31.01,40.50]
Second birth or beyond	6,081	81.2	21.6 [19.33,24.10]
Childbirth attendant
Skilled attendant	2,431	32.4	56.9 [53.30,60.45]
Nonskilled attendant	4,011	53.6	8.0 [6.15,10.22]
No attendant	1,046	14.0	11.0 [7.51,15.77]

CI: confidence interval; EDHS: Ethiopian Demographic and Health survey; SNNP: Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People; SSC: skin-to-skin care.