Integrated Care Programs for People with Multimorbidity in European Countries: eHealth Adoption in Health Systems

Table 1

Programs adopting at least one eHeath tool by health system characteristics of countries (% of programs)^a.

Health system characteristics	All programs % ()	With explicit focus on older people 65+ % ()	value
National health model^b			0.483^e
National Health Service (NHS)	67.9 (57)	71.4 (30)
Social Insurance System/Transition Countries (SIS/TC)	32.1 (27)	28.6 (12)
SIS	21.4 (18)	16.7 (7)
TC	10.7 (9)	11.9 (5)
Strength of primary care (PC)^c			0.531^e
Strong/medium	67.5 (56)	64.3 (27)
Strong	42.2 (35)	40.5 (17)
Medium	25.3 (21)	23.8 (10)
Weak	32.5 (27)	35.7 (15)
Level of (de)centralization of health system^d			0.595
Decentralized	60.0 (51)	57.1 (24)
Centralized	40.0 (34)	42.9 (18)

^aFor details on countries of each group cfr. Measures section and Appendix A Table S1 (as Supplementary material) in this paper. ^bDetermined in 2007/2013, based on Codagnone and Lupiañez-Villanueva, 2013 [32], and Brennan and colleagues, 2015 [47]. Data on Switzerland (i.e., regarding one program with eHealth) is not included, given that this country was not classified by Codagnone and Brennan. ^cDetermined in 2009/2010, based on Kringos and colleagues, 2013 [68], and Detollenaere and colleagues, 2017 [50]. Data on Croatia (i.e., regarding two programs with eHealth) is not included, given that this country was not classified by Kringos and Detollenaere. ^dDerived from descriptive data in countries’ latest (in 2013, year when the ICARE4EU project was initiated) health system review published in the WHO, Health System in Transition series (years from 2008 to 2013) [69]. ^e values regard the integrated classification SIS/TC and strong/medium PC.