Integrated Care Programs for People with Multimorbidity in European Countries: eHealth Adoption in Health Systems
Table 3
eHealth tools (at least one) adopted in the programs, by categories (single tools and groups) and health system characteristics of countries (% of programs)a.
eHealth tools
National health model
value
Strength of PC
value
Level of (de)centralization
value
All programs
% ()
NHS
% ()
SIS/TC
% ()
Strong/medium % ()
Weak
% ()
Decentralized
% ()
Centralized
% ()
Remote Consultation, Monitoring, and Careb
68.4 (39)
66.7 (18)
0.872
73.2 (41)
55.6 (15)
0.108
76.5 (39)
55.9 (19)
0.046
68.2 (58)
Monitoring health status parameters by providers
31.6 (18)
37.0 (10)
0.620
33.9 (19)
29.6 (8)
0.695
37.3 (19)
26.5 (9)
0.300
32.9 (28)
Communication between care provider/patientc
33.3 (19)
18.5 (5)
0.160
28.6 (16)
29.6 (8)
0.921
27.5 (14)
32.4 (11)
0.627
29.4 (25)
Monitoring/interaction at distance (e.g., by video)
29.8 (17)
22.2 (6)
0.466
28.6 (16)
25.9 (7)
0.801
33.3 (17)
17.6 (6)
0.111
27.1 (23)
Online appointment scheduling
26.3 (15)
25.9 (7)
0.970
30.4 (17)
14.8 (4)
0.127
29.4 (15)
20.6 (7)
0.363
25.9 (22)
Registration health status parameters by patients
24.6 (14)
25.9 (7)
0.893
21.4 (12)
25.9 (7)
0.648
19.6 (10)
32.4 (11)
0.182
24.7 (21)
Self-Managementb
45.6 (26)
22.2 (6)
0.039
39.3 (22)
33.3 (9)
0.599
37.3 (19)
41.2 (14)
0.716
38.8 (33)
Electronic reminders
29.8 (17)
18.5 (5)
0.271
26.8 (15)
22.2 (6)
0.654
27.5 (14)
23.5 (8)
0.686
25.9 (22)
Computerized self-management tools
28.1 (16)
14.8 (4)
0.183
23.2 (13)
22.2 (6)
0.920
21.6 (11)
29.4 (10)
0.411
24.7 (21)
Online decision supports
3.5 (2)
3.7 (1)
0.964
1.8 (1)
7.4 (2)
0.199
3.9 (2)
2.9 (1)
0.810
3.5 (3)
Healthcare Managementb
100.0 (57)
100.0 (27)
—
100.0 (56)
100.0 (27)
—
100.0 (51)
100.0 (34)
—
100.0 (85)
Databases with patients’ health data
70.2 (40)
51.9 (14)
0.102
60.7 (34)
66.7 (18)
0.599
68.6 (35)
55.9 (19)
0.232
63.5 (54)
ICT-based communication between care providers
50.9 (29)
37.0 (10)
0.235
51.8 (29)
40.7 (11)
0.345
47.1 (24)
47.1 (16)
1.000
47.1 (40)
Systems providing warning messages/information
40.4 (23)
25.9 (7)
0.198
41.1 (23)
22.2 (6)
0.092
43.1 (22)
23.5 (8)
0.064
35.3 (30)
eReferral systems
38.6 (22)
22.2 (6)
0.137
39.3 (22)
18.5 (5)
0.058
41.2 (21)
20.6 (7)
0.048
32.9 (28)
Electronic reminders
28.1 (16)
25.9 (7)
0.837
32.1 (18)
18.5 (5)
0.194
35.3 (18)
14.7 (5)
0.036
27.1 (23)
PHRs
0.443
0.050
0.055
Used
19.3 (11)
11.1 (3)
25.0 (14)
3.7 (1)
25.5 (13)
5.9 (2)
17.6 (15)
Planned
5.3 (3)
11.1 (3)
5.4 (3)
11.1 (3)
7.8 (4)
5.9 (2)
7.1 (6)
EHRs
0.233
0.336
0.183
Used
73.7 (42)
63.0 (17)
71.4 (40)
70.4 (19)
72.5 (37)
67.6 (23)
70.6 (60)
Planned
8.8 (5)
22.2 (6)
8.9(5)
18.5 (5)
7.8 (4)
20.6 (7)
12.9 (11)
Health Data Analyticsb
42.1 (24)
37.0 (10)
0.659
51.8 (29)
11.1 (3)
<0.001
56.9 (29)
14.7 (5)
<0.001
40.0 (34)
Computerized decision supports
35.1 (20)
37.0 (10)
0.862
44.6 (25)
11.1 (3)
0.002
49.0 (25)
14.7 (5)
0.001
35.3 (30)
Online decision supports
19.3 (11)
7.4 (2)
0.159
21.4 (12)
3.7 (1)
0.037
25.5 (13)
0.0 (0)
0.001
15.3 (13)
aMultiple answers were allowed. Each item had a yes/no format. bAt least one eHealth tool of the respective group (of tools) was adopted in the programs. cIncluding ePrescription.
