Predicting Venous Thromboembolic Events in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Requiring Hospitalization: an Observational Retrospective Study by the COVIDIC Initiative in a Swiss University Hospital
Table 3
Patients’ characteristics and univariate analysis of factors associated with VTE during hospitalization.
Characteristics
Without VTE ()
VTE ()
Days at riska
8.0 (4.0-12.0)
8.0 (6.5-12.0)
0.319
Demographics
Age (years)
70.0 (55.0-81.0)
62.0 (58.0-68.5)
0.039
Male gender
224 (55.7%)
22 (81.5%)
0.009b
Comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus
99 (24.6%)
6 (22.2%)
1.000
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
29 (7.2%)
4 (14.8%)
0.144
Chronic heart failure
36 (9.0%)
2 (7.4%)
1.000
Chronic kidney disease
65 (16.2%)
0 (0.0%)
0.022
Cirrhosis
15 (3.7%)
1 (3.7%)
1.000
Malignancy (hematological or solid organ)
48 (11.9%)
3 (11.1%)
1.000
Previous VTE
33 (8.2%)
1 (3.7%)
0.712
Obesity
96 (23.9%)
8 (29.6%)
0.491
Charlson comorbidity index
5.0 (2.0-7.0)
3.0 (2.0-5.0)
0.025
Laboratory findingsc
White blood cells (G/l)
7.2 (5.4-10.2)
8.6 (7.4-9.7)
0.107
D-dimer (ng/ml) (among 373 patients)
1252.5 (629.8-2722.5)
10835.0 (4748.5-16679.0)
<0.001
48 (11.9%)
17 (63.0%)
<0.001b
C-reactive protein (mg/l) (among 411 patients)
74.5 (28.2-146.8)
51.0 (25.0-213.0)
0.630
Procalcitonin (ng/ml) (for 344 patients)
0.2 (0.1-0.5)
0.2 (0.1-0.7)
0.696
Radiological findingsc
Normal X-ray or ceCT scan
90 (22.4%)
0 (0.0%)
0.012
Bilateral infiltrates on X-ray or ceCT scan
226 (56.2%)
26 (96.3%)
<0.001
Complications/treatmentsc
ICU admission
76 (18.9%)
18 (66.7%)
<0.001
Mechanical ventilation
55 (13.7%)
18 (66.7%)
<0.001b
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
76 (18.9%)
17 (63.0%)
<0.001
Prior anticoagulationd
No anticoagulation
88 (21.9%)
8 (29.6%)
0.345
Prophylactic anticoagulatione
250 (62.2%)
17 (63.0%)
0.901
Therapeutic anticoagulation
72 (17.9%)
1 (3.7%)
0.064
Scores (prognostic or diagnostic)
Padua score
6.0 (5.0-7.0)
5.0 (5.0-6.0)
0.350
Revised Geneva score
5.0 (3.0-6.0)
4.0 (3.0-6.5)
0.442
Revised Geneva
299 (74.4%)
15 (55.6%)
0.056
Simplified Geneva risk assessment model
5.0 (4.0-6.0)
5.0 (4.5-5.0)
0.418
Simplified Geneva risk assessment
370 (92.0%)
26 (96.3%)
0.710
Wells criteria
1.2 (0.0-1.5)
3.0 (3.0-3.5)
<0.001
Wells
78 (19.4%)
21 (77.8%)
<0.001
Outcome
Type of discharge
Discharge at home
208 (51.7%)
9 (33.3%)
Transfer to other acute care hospital
41 (10.2%)
7 (25.9%)
Rehabilitation
78 (19.4%)
4 (14.8%)
Still hospitalized
18 (4.5%)
5 (18.5%)
Death
57 (14.2%)
2 (7.4%)
0.561
Length of hospitalization
9.9 (4.0-12.0)
27.9 (16.0-24.0)
<0.001
Data are number (%) of patients or median (-). aFrom admission until VTE. bFactors included in the multivariate analysis. cLast value before VTE diagnosis for patients with VTE; peak value during hospitalization for patients without VTE. dFrom admission until 72 h before VTE for VTE patients; from admission to discharge for patients without VTE. eCharacterized as a dose lesser to the therapeutic one. ceCT: contrast-enhanced computed tomography.
