| | Variables n (%) | Homocysteine concentration (Hcy) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | value | | <15 μmol/L | ≥15 μmol/L |
| | Sex | | | | | | Female | 1714 (69.9) | 739 (30.1) | 1 | <0.001 | | Male | 879 (51.0) | 843 (49.0) | 2.16 (1.79, 2.62) |
| | Age (years) | | | | | | 15–29 | 1107 (68.1) | 518 (31.9) | 1 | | | 30–44 | 934 (61.2) | 592 (38.8) | 1.31 (1.08, 1.58) | 0.007 | | 45–59 | 412 (55.8) | 327 (44.2) | 1.80 (1.41, 2.30) | <0.001 | | 60–69 | 140 (49.1) | 145 (50.9) | 2.06 (1.47, 2.90) | <0.001 |
| | Geographic region | | | | | | Addis Ababa | 109 (53.2) | 96 (46.8) | 1 | | | Tigray | 467 (68.5) | 215 (31.5) | 0.50 (0.33, 0.76) | 0.001 | | Afar | 85 (50.9) | 82 (49.1) | 1.23 (0.74, 2.03) | 0.433 | | Amhara | 595 (74.9) | 199 (25.1) | 0.34 (0.22, 0.51) | <0.001 | | Oromia | 639 (66.5) | 322 (33.5) | 0.53 (0.36, 0.79) | 0.002 | | Somali | 84 (30.4) | 192 (69.6) | 3.19 (1.90, 5.34) | <0.001 | | B. Gumuz | 103 (48.1) | 111 (51.9) | 1.02 (0.62, 1.67) | 0.954 | | SNNPR | 359 (68.1) | 168 (31.9) | 0.49 (0.32, 0.74) | 0.001 | | Gambela | 105 (43.9) | 134 (56.1) | 1.47 (0.82, 2.62) | 0.194 | | Harari | 33 (55.9) | 26 (44.1) | 1.31 (0.56, 3.07) | 0.536 | | Dire Dawa | 14 (275) | 37 (72.5) | 3.37 (1.46, 7.78) | 0.005 |
| | Occupational status | | | | | | Unemployed | 281 (63.0) | 165 (37.0) | 1 | | | Employed | 209 (55.1) | 170 (44.9) | 1.17 (0.76, 1.82) | 0.470 | | Skilled worker | 1437 (61.5) | 899 (38.5) | 1.11 (0.77, 1.59) | 0.583 | | Housewife/homemaker | 646 (67.4) | 313 (32.6) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.55) | 0.863 |
| | Level of education | | | | | | No formal education | 1365 (52.6) | 862 (54.5) | 1 | | | Primary education | 960 (37.0) | 512 (32.4) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) | 0.697 | | Secondary education | 157 (6.1) | 102 (6.4) | 1.18 (0.82, 1.70) | 0.379 | | College and above | 111 (4.3) | 106 (6.7) | 1.52 (0.98, 2.37) | 0.063 |
| | Income quartiles (×1000 birr) | | | | | | <12 | 1491 (69.6) | 844 (65.6) | 1 | | | 12–18 | 257 (12.0) | 165 (12.8) | 1.17 (0.85, 1.62) | 0.337 | | 18–23.3 | 110 (5.1) | 96 (7.5) | 1.09 (0.75, 1.59) | 0.643 | | 23.3–30 | 128 (6.0) | 85 (6.6) | 1.22 (0.79, 1.89) | 0.380 | | >30 | 157 (7.3) | 97 (7.5) | 1.16 (0.76, 1.78) | 0.493 |
| | Physical activity level | | | | | | Low | 385 (15.0) | 224 (14.3) | 1 | | | Moderate | 454 (17.6) | 225 (14.4) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.36) | 0.889 | | High | 1734 (67.4) | 1116 (71.3) | 1.30 (1.02, 1.66) | 0.034 |
| | Fruit and vegetable consumption | | | | | | Yes | 46 (1.8) | 4 (0.3) | 1 | | | No | 2547 (98.2) | 1578 (99.7) | 9.57 (2.83, 32.30) | <0.001 |
| | Blood sugar level (mg/dl) | | | | | | Normal (<110) | 2364 (63.2) | 1376 (36.8) | 1 | | | Impaired fasting glucose (110–125) | 95 (51.4) | 90 (48.6) | 1.26 (0.73, 2.16) | 0.413 | | Raised blood sugar (≥126) | 71 (59.7) | 48 (40.3) | 1.44 (0.76, 2.74) | 0.266 |
| | High-density lipoprotein level (HDL)Φ | | | | | | Normal | 824 (58.9) | 576 (41.1) | 1 | | | Low | 1691 (64.3) | 939 (35.7) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | 0.291 |
| | Currently smoking | | | | | | No | 2487 (63.1) | 1455 (36.9) | 1 | | | Yes | 106 (45.5) | 127 (54.5) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.20) | 0.336 |
| | Raised blood pressure/on blood pressure medication Δ | | | | | | No | 2193 (63.5) | 1260 (36.5) | 1 | | | Yes | 400 (55.4) | 322 (44.6) | 1.55 (1.27, 1.91) | <0.001 |
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ΦHDL level: low HDL level for males, <40 mg/dl, and for females, <50 mg/dl. ΔSBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; raised blood pressure (SBP ≥ 140 and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg).
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