Research Article
Construction and Validation of a Convenient Clinical Nomogram to Predict the Risk of Brain Metastasis in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients
Table 1
Demographics and clinical characteristics of RCC patients.
| | Variables | Training cohort () | Validation cohort () | | Without BM () | With BM () | Without BM () | With BM () |
| | Age (years) | | <45 | 2943 (9.2%) | 11 (7.2%) | 1238 (9.8%) | 3 (4.0%) | | 45-65 | 15279 (51.5%) | 92 (60.1%) | 6553 (51.6%) | 50 (66.7%) | | >65 | 11430 (38.5%) | 50 (32.7%) | 4906 (38.6%) | 22 (29.3%) | | Race | | Black | 3258 (10.9%) | 7 (4.6%) | 1430 (11.3%) | 1 (1.3%) | | Othera | 1929 (6.5%) | 14 (9.2%) | 835 (6.6%) | 8 (10.7%) | | White | 24465 (82.5%) | 132 (86.2%) | 10432 (82.1%) | 66 (88.0%) | | Sex | | Female | 10721 (36.2%) | 45 (29.4%) | 4556 (35.9%) | 21 (28.0%) | | Male | 18931 (63.8%) | 108 (70.6%) | 8141 (64.1%) | 54 (72.0%) | | Histological type | | pRCC | 4637 (15.6%) | 3 (2.0%) | 2025 (15.9%) | 2 (2.7%) | | cRCC | 1548 (5.2%) | 2 (1.3%) | 652 (5.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | | ccRCC | 23403 (78.9%) | 147 (96.0%) | 9989 (78.7%) | 72 (96.0%) | | cdRCC | 64 (0.2%) | 1 (0.7%) | 31 (0.2%) | 1 (1.3%) | | Histological grade | | Grade I | 3416 (11.5%) | 6 (4.0%) | 1392 (11.0%) | 1 (1.3%) | | Grade II | 15651 (52.8%) | 41 (26.8%) | 6931 (54.6%) | 21 (28.0%) | | Grade III | 8757 (29.5%) | 64 (41.8%) | 3622 (28.5%) | 37 (49.4%) | | Grade IV | 1828 (6.2%) | 42 (27.4%) | 752 (5.9%) | 16 (21.3%) | | Laterality | | Left | 14638 (49.4%) | 79 (51.6%) | 6205 (48.9%) | 40 (53.3%) | | Right | 15014 (50.6%) | 74 (48.4%) | 6492 (51.1%) | 35 (46.7%) | | T stage | | T1-2 | 23661 (79.8%) | 65 (42.5%) | 10144 (79.9%) | 31 (41.3%) | | T3-4 | 5591 (18.9%) | 88 (57.5%) | 2553 (20.1%) | 44 (58.7%) | | N stage | | N0 | 28843 (97.3%) | 119 (77.8%) | 12348 (97.3%) | 61 (81.3%) | | N1-2 | 809 (2.7%) | 34 (22.2%) | 349 (2.7%) | 14 (18.7%) | | Bone metastasis | | No | 29171 (98.4%) | 111 (72.5%) | 12505 (98.5%) | 49 (65.3%) | | Yes | 481 (1.6%) | 42 (27.5%) | 192 (1.5%) | 26 (34.7%) | | Liver metastasis | | No | 29472 (99.4%) | 138 (90.2%) | 12620 (99.4%) | 69 (92.0%) | | Yes | 180 (0.6%) | 15 (9.8%) | 77 (0.6%) | 6 (8.0%) | | Lung metastasis | | No | 28719 (96.9%) | 55 (35.9%) | 12300 (96.9%) | 23 (30.7%) | | Yes | 933 (3.1%) | 98 (64.1%) | 397 (3.1%) | 52 (69.3%) | | Tumor size | | ≤4 cm | 13608 (45.9%) | 5 (3.3%) | 6289 (49.5%) | 8 (10.7%) | | 4-7 cm | 9269 (31.3%) | 23 (15.0%) | 3778 (29.8%) | 17 (22.7%) | | 7-10 cm | 4069 (13.7%) | 60 (39.2%) | 1603 (12.6%) | 25 (33.3%) | | >10 | 2706 (9.1%) | 65 (42.5%) | 1027 (8.1%) | 25 (33.3%) | | Insurance status | | Insuredb | 28868 (97.4%) | 148 (96.7%) | 12390 (97.6%) | 72 (96.0%) | | Uninsured | 784 (2.6%) | 5 (3.3%) | 307 (2.4%) | 3 (4.0%) | | Marital status | | Married | 19206 (64.8%) | 92 (60.1%) | 8335 (65.6%) | 58 (77.3%) | | Unmarriedc | 10446 (35.2%) | 61 (39.9%) | 4362 (34.4%) | 17 (22.7%) |
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aAmerican Indian, native Alaskan and Asian, and Pacific Islander. bAny medicaid, insured, and insured/not specific. cUnmarried, separated, single, widow, and divorced. pRCC: papillary renal cell carcinoma; cRCC: chromophobe renal cell carcinoma; ccRCC: clear cell renal cell carcinoma; cdRCC: collecting duct renal cell carcinoma.
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