Construction and Validation of a Convenient Clinical Nomogram to Predict the Risk of Brain Metastasis in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients

Table 2

Logistic regression analysis of independent risk factors of BM in RCC patients.

Variable	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	OR (95% CI)	value	OR (95% CI)	value
Age (years)
<45	Reference
45-65	1.611 (0.861-3.014)	0.136
>65	1.170 (0.609-2.251)	0.637
Race
Black	Reference
Other^a	3.378 (1.361-8.384)	0.009
White	2.511 (1.173-5.375)	0.018
Sex
Female	Reference
Male	1.359 (0.959-1.926)	0.084
Histological type
pRCC	Reference
cRCC	1.997 (0.333-11.962)	0.449	1.958 (0.321-11.938)	0.467
ccRCC	9.709 (3.094-30.464)	<0.001	5.239 (1.650-16.638)	0.005
cdRCC	24.151 (2.479-235.310)	0.006	3.523 (0.336-36.896)	0.293
Histological grade
Grade I	Reference
Grade II	1.491 (0.633-3.516)	0.361
Grade III	4.161 (1.800-9.617)	0.001
Grade IV	13.081 (5.550-30.829)	<0.001
Laterality
Left	Reference
Right	0.913 (0.665-1.255)	0.576
T stage
T1-2	Reference
T3-4	5.347 (3.876-7.377)	<0.001
N stage
N0	Reference
N1-2	10.186 (6.914-15.007)	<0.001
Bone metastasis
No	Reference
Yes	22.947 (15.909-33.100)	<0.001	2.924 (1.937-4.416)	<0.001
Liver metastasis
No	Reference
Yes	17.797 (10.241-30.928)	<0.001
Lung metastasis
No	Reference
Yes	54.847 (39.172-76.795)	<0.001	15.649 (10.529-23.259)	<0.001
Tumor size
≤4 cm	Reference
4-7 cm	6.753 (2.567-17.770)	<0.001	4.971 (1.880-13.146)	0.001
7-10 cm	40.132 (16.106-99.998)	<0.001	14.997 (5.865-38.346)	<0.001
>10	65.375 (26.301-162.501)	<0.001	14.620 (5.631-37.962)	<0.001
Insurance status
Insured^b	Reference
Uninsured	1.244 (0.509-3.041)	0.632
Marital status
Married	Reference
Unmarried^c	1.219 (0.881-1.686)	0.32

^aAmerican Indian, native Alaskan and Asian, and Pacific Islander. ^bAny medicaid, insured, and insured/not specific. ^cUnmarried, separated, single, widow, and divorced. pRCC: papillary renal cell carcinoma; cRCC: chromophobe renal cell carcinoma; ccRCC: clear cell renal cell carcinoma; cdRCC: collecting duct renal cell carcinoma.