Application of 3D-Printed Orthopedic Cast for the Treatment of Forearm Fractures: Finite Element Analysis and Comparative Clinical Assessment

Table 3

Assessment of clinical effectiveness.

Assessment item	Assessment contents and grading standard
	Excellent—3	Good—2	Acceptable—1	Poor—0
Stability of immobilization	No loss of reduction	Slight shift but no need for remanipulation	Reenforced the same cast	Loss of reduction requiring further procedure
Blood circulation	Good terminal circulation with a florid complexion	Venous obstruction relief after physical movement or arm lifting	Pale skin, low temperature of the arm	Significant ischemia of involved limb, compartment syndrome
Wear pressure-related pain	No pain	Slight pain with a minor influence of sleep	Mild pain causes poor-quality sleep	Severe pain causes difficulty falling asleep
Pressure sores	No abnormality of the skin	Nonblanchable erythema of the intact skin	Skin breakdown or bleeding blister	Full-thickness skin loss