Impact of Lockdown during COVID-19 Pandemic on Central Activation, Muscle Activity, Contractile Function, and Spasticity in People with Multiple Sclerosis

Table 2

Comparison pre-post effect on neuromuscular characteristics.

Muscle strength	Pre ()	Post ()				Effect size	95% CI for Cohen’s
							Lower	Upper
MVIC ()				1.774	0.096	0.443	-0.078	0.952
Stimulated force
Resting twitch ()				-0.613	0.872	-0.040	-0.530	0.450
Resting tetanic contraction ()				-1.252	0.230	-0.313	-0.811	0.194
1^st Tw/Tet				0.592	0.562	0.148	-0.347	0.638
Potentiated tetanic contraction ()				1.822	0.088	0.456	-0.067	0.965
Resting twitch ()				-0.796	0.439	-0.199	-0.691	0.299
2^nd Tw/Tet				-1.314	0.209	-0.329	-0.827	0.180
Central activation
CAR (%)				5.084	<0.001	1.271	0.594	1.925

Values are . CAR: central activation ratio; EMG: electromyography; MVIC: maximal voluntary isometric contraction; SD: standard deviation; Tw/Tet: twitch-to-tetanus ratio.