Autophagy in Gastric Mucosa: The Dual Role and Potential Therapeutic Target

Table 2

Drugs protecting gastric mucosa by autophagy in gastric mucosa.

Chemical factor	Antagonist	Effects	Mechanism	Reference
Combination of catechins and sialic acid	H. Pylori	Protects AGS cells against H. pylori infection	Downregulates apoptosis and upregulates autophagy that reducing the activation of caspase-1	[58–60]
IFN-γ	H. Pylori	Inhibits gastric carcinogenesis	Induces epithelial cell autophagy	[61]
Vitamin D3	H. Pylori	Eliminates H. pylori	Restores lysosomal degradation function by activating the PDIA3-STAT3-MCOLN3-Ca2+ axis	[62]
Astaxanthin	H. Pylori	Inhibits gastric diseases associated with H. pylori infection	Increases autophagy through the activation of the AMPK pathway	[63]
PDTC	Oxidative stress induces by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)	Restores gastric damages	Restores diminished autophagy induced by H2O2	[64]
Vitamin D3 combined to alginates	Acid and oxidative injury	Induces apoptosis	Activates autophagic and survival pathways	[65]
Chloroquine	Indomethacin	Decreases apoptotic and autophagic cell death	Promotes autophagy	[66]
Chloroquine	Indomethacin	Decreases apoptotic and autophagic cell death	Promotes the expression of Smad7	[67]
LDOP-1	Ethanol	Induces gastric mucosal injury	Promotes autophagy by the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway	[68]
AS-IV	MNNG	Protects the gastric mucosal injury and decreases the occurrence of gastric cancer	Regulates the p53 expression to activate the Ambra1/Beclin1 complex	[69]