Dose of GO Animals Diameter (nm) Time incubation Toxic effect Reference 1.0 mg/kg Male ICR mice Thickness of 0.9μ m Intravenous injected, 24 h Accumulated mainly in the liver and lungs [136 ] 24 mg/kg Male and female Thickness of <4 Tail vein injected, 5 days No effect on the number of pups, sex ratio, weight, survival or growth of pups, and low male reproductive toxicity [109 ] Series concentrations C57BL/6 male mice Thickness of 3.9 and 4.05 nm, size of 350 nm and 2 μ m Subcutaneous injection 21 days The microsize of the GO induced much stronger inflammatory responses than the nanosize of the GO [84 ] 0.5 or 4 mg/m3 Sprague-Dawley rats Thickness of 0.93 nm Inhalation exposure, single 6 The single inhalation exposure to GO induce minimal toxic responses in rat lungs [118 ] 0, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg C57BL/6 mice — Intratracheal instillation 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 1 week Leads to acute lung injury and chronic pulmonary fibrosis [119 ] 4 mg/kg Balb/c mice Thickness of 0.94, 1.22, 4.43, and 5.66; size of 450, 25, 50, and 27 Intraperitoneal injection 1, 7 and 30 days Accumulated in the reticuloendothelial (RES) system including the liver and spleen over a long time [103 ] 5, 10, 20, and 30 g kg−1 Earthworms (Eisenia fetida ) Thickness of GO 2.1 nm For 7, 14, 21, and 28 days Oxidative stress and genotoxicity, resulting in lipid peroxidation, decreased lysosomal membrane stability, and DNA damage [137 ] 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg Male Sprague-Dawley rats — Injection into the tail vein once a day for 7 consecutive days Lung injury in a dose-dependent manner by inducing autophagy [138 ] 10, 50, and 100 mg/L Zebrafish embryos Diameter 50-200 nm The embryos were exposed from 6 hpf to 144 hpf in 6-well plates (20 embryos per well) Neurodevelopmental abnormalities and altered tendency of locomotor in larval fish [139 ]
