BioMed Research International

Review Article

Bacterial Pathogens and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Inanimate Surfaces and Equipment in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Table 2

Characteristic of the included articles describing the prevalence of culture-positive bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment from the different regions of Ethiopia (2013-2020).
StudyStudy periodStudy site (region)Study settingWards/unitsEquipmentSurfaces/airStudy designSampling techniqueNumber of samplesSample collection methodTotal isolateCulture positive No. (%)
Shiferaw et al., 2016 [3]May to August 2013Adama (Oromia)Adama Hospital Medical CollegeSW, GW, NICU, and OR—Surface and air of the wardsCross-sectionalPurposive78Settle plate18275 (96.2)
Darge et al., 2019 [28]October 2016 to June 2017Mekelle (Tigray)Ayder Comprehensive Specialized HospitalICU (adult, pediatric, and neonatal)Stethoscope, thermometers, sphygmomanometer, mattresses, bedsides, computer, and tablesThe surface of the wardCross-sectionalPurposive130Surface swab171115 (88.5)
Hailu et al., 2018 [29]15 February to 30 April 2017Bahir Dar (Amhara)Felege Hiwot Referral HospitalSW, NICU, ICU, OPW, OR, DW, and GW—Surfaces of the wardsCross-sectionalPurposive356Both190141 (39.6)
Workneh et al., 2019 [4]February to April 2017Bahir Dar (Amhara)Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital—HCW fomites (mobile phones, stethoscope, and white coat)Surface of the fomitesCross-sectionalSimple random422Surface swab253243 (57.6)
Agersew et al., 2015 [39]April 30 to June 30, 2013Gondar (Amhara)University of Gondar Teaching Hospital—Computer keyboards and miceSurfaces of the fomitesCross-sectionalSimple random206Surface swab344201 (97.6)
Bodena et al., 2019 [40]February to March 2018Harar (Harari)Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital—HCW fomites (mobile phones)Surfaces of the fomiteCross-sectionalSimple random226Surface swab216212 (93.8)
Mengistu et al., 2018 [41]July to September 2017Hawassa (Sidama)Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized HospitalSW, OR, NICU, OPW, MW, GW, and PW—Air of the wardsCross-sectionalSimple random96Settle plate11141 (42.7)
Mengistu et al., 2016 [13]November 2014 to February 2015Hawassa (Sidama)Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized HospitalICU, OR—Air of the wardsCross-sectionalPurposive120Settle plate12041 (34.2)
Girma et al., 2014 [42]June 15 to October 21, 2011Jimma (Oromia)Jimma University Specialized Hospital—HCW fomites (mobile phones)Surface of the fomiteCross-sectionalSimple random132Surface swab11294 (71.2)
Shiferaw et al., 2013 [24]May to September 2011Jimma (Oromia)Jimma University Specialized Hospital—StethoscopeSurface of the fomiteCross-sectionalSimple random176Surface swab256151 (85.8)
Teshale et al., 2018 [43]December 1, 2016, to February 30, 2017Mizan-Tepi (southern Ethiopia)Mizan-Tepi University Teaching HospitalEW, MW, GW, PW, SW, and ORStethoscope, thermometer, window handle, door handle, bed surfaces, and wall surfacesThe surface of the fomitesCross-sectionalPurposive201Surface swab8884 (41.8)
Solomon et al., 2017 [44]November 2015 to March 2015Wolaita Sodo (southern Ethiopia)Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral HospitalGW, ICU, and OR—Surfaces of the wardsCross-sectionalPurposive243Settle plate226195 (80.2)
Kahsay et al., 2019 [45]January to February 2017Mekelle (Tigray)Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital—Public transport busesSurface of the busesCross-sectionalPurposive300Surface swab6666 (22)
Gebremariam et al., 2015 [46]Not specifiedMekelle (Tigray)Ayder Comprehensive Specialized HospitalOR—Surfaces of the wardCross-sectionalPurposive168Both127127 (75.6)
Asser et al., 2018 [47]May to June 2018Arba Minch (southern Ethiopia)Arba Minch HospitalSW, NICU, and PWStethoscope, thermometer, mobile phones, door handle, bed surfaces, wall surfaces, and white coatsSurfaces of the fomitesCross-sectionalPurposive99Surface swab10971 (71.7)
Shemse et al., 2020 [19]June to September 2018Addis Ababa (central Ethiopia)Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching HospitalOR, ICUVentilator, lobby, bed, suction machine, and sinkSurface and air of the wardsCross-sectionalPurposive164Surface swab183141 (86)
Diriba et al., 2014 [48]May to August 2011Hawassa (Sidama)Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized HospitalEW, SW, MW, GW, and PW—The surface and air of the wardsCross-sectionalPurposive128Settle plate153124 (96.9)
Bethelhem et al., 2018 [49]Feb 2018 to April 2018Addis Ababa (central Ethiopia)12 hospitals in Addis Ababa—Radiology parts, X-ray, ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imagingSurface of the fomitesCross-sectionalPurposive178Surface swab151151 (84.8)
ICU: intensive care unit; OR: operating room; HCW: healthcare workers; SW: surgical ward; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; OPW: orthopaedic ward; DW: dialysis ward; GW: GYN ward; EW: emergency ward; PD: pediatric wards; MW: medical wards.