Bacterial Pathogens and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Inanimate Surfaces and Equipment in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Table 3

Characteristics of included studies reporting the profiles of clinically relevant bacterial species causing inanimate surface and equipment contamination in Ethiopia (2013-2020).

Studies	No. of isolates	Gram-positive bacterial species		Gram-negative bacterial species
		S. aureus; No. (%)	CoNS; No. (%)	E. coli; No. (%)	P. aeruginosa; No. (%)	K. pneumoniae; No. (%)	Citrobacter spp.; No. (%)	Others^#; No. (%)
Shiferaw et al., 2016 [3]	182	37 (20.3)	78 (42.9)	12 (6.6)	19 (10.4)	9 (4.9)	2 (1.1)	25 (14)
Darge et al., 2019 [28]	171	43 (25.1)	63 (36.8)	11 (6.4)	—	11 (6.4)	15 (8.8)	28 (16.4)
Hailu et al., 2018 [29]	190	71 (37.4)	84 (44.2)	6 (3.2)	7 (3.6)	22 (11.6)	—	—
Workneh et al., 2019 [4]	253	81 (19.2)	111 (26.3)	8 (1.9)	1 (0.23)	27 (6.4)	2 (0.5)	23 (9.1)
Agersew et al., 2015 [39]	344	49 (14.2)	83 (24)	12 (3.5)	4 (1.2)	24 (7)	27 (7.8)	145 (42.2)
Bodena et al., 2019 [40]	216	31 (14.4)	127 (58.8)	14 (6.5)	8 (3.7)	15 (6.9)	8 (3.7)	13 (6)
Mengistu et al., 2018 [41]	111	40 (36)	32 (28.8)	—	15 (13.5)	7 (6.3)	—	17 (15.3)
Mengistu et al., 2016 [13]	120	36 (30)	34 (28.3)	14 (11.7)	18 (15)	7 (5.8)	—	11 (9.2)
Girma et al., 2014 [42]	112	33 (29.5)	61 (54.5)	—	—	1 (0.9)	—	17 (15.2)
Shiferaw et al., 2013 [24]	256	79 (30.9)	103 (40.2)	2 (0.8)	3 (1.7)	12 (4.7)	11 (4.3)	46 (18)
Teshale et al., 2018 [43]	88	19 (21.6)	17 (19.3)	14 (15.9)	10 (11.4)	13 (14.8)	—	15 (17)
Solomon et al., 2017 [44]	226	64 (26.3)	72 (29.6)	14 (5.7)	13 (5.3)	23 (9.5)	—	40 (18)
Kahsay et al., 2019 [45]	66	54 (18)	—	8 (2.7)	—	—	—	4 (6.1)
Gebremariam et al., 2015 [46]	127	44 (34.6)	68 (53.5)	2 (1.6)	13 (10.2)	—	—	—
Asser et al., 2018 [47]	109	52 (47.7)	32 (29.5)	8 (7.3)	3 (2.75)	5 (4.6)	—	9 (8.3)
Shemse et al., 2020 [19]	183	38 (20.7)	25 (13.7)	—	55 (30)	42 (23)	17 (9.3)	6 (3.3)
Diriba et al., 2014 [48]	153	15 (9.8)	41 (26.8)	29 (20)	6 (4)	17 (11)	5 (3.3)	40 (26.1)
Bethelhem et al., 2018 [49]	151	47 (31)	30 (20)	8 (5.3)	12 (8)	9 (6)	2 (1.3)	43 (28.5)

—: not reported; CoNS: Coagulase-negative Staphylococci. # indicates other pathogens like Serratia spp, Bacillus spp, Enterobacter spp, Streptococcus agalactiae, Enterococcus spp, Providencia spp, Morganella spp, and Salmonella spp.