Evaluation of the Relationship between Drink Intake and Periodontitis Using KoGES Data
Table 1
General characteristics of the participants.
Characteristics
Total participants
value
Periodontitis
Control
Total number (, %)
9,933 (100.0)
124,922 (100.0)
Age (mean, SD, y)
54.8 (7.9)
53.0 (8.3)
<0.001†
Sex (, %)
<0.001†
Male
3,840 (38.7)
43,283 (34.6)
Female
6,093 (61.3)
81,639 (65.4)
BMI (mean, SD, kg/m2)
24.0 (2.9)
23.9 (2.9)
<0.001†
Income (, %)
<0.001†
Missing, no response
757 (7.6)
10,784 (8.6)
Lowest
3,424 (34.5)
35,464 (28.4)
Middle
3,663 (36.9)
49,300 (39.5)
Highest
2,089 (21.0)
29,374 (23.5)
Smoking status (, %)
<0.001†
Nonsmoker
6,658 (67.0)
90,822 (72.7)
Past smoker
1,790 (18.0)
18,540 (14.8)
Current smoker
1,485 (15.0)
15,560 (12.5)
Diabetes mellitus (, %)
1,171 (11.8)
9,789 (7.8)
<0.001†
Alcohol consumption (, %)
<0.001†
Nondrinker
4,762 (47.9)
63,831 (51.1)
Past drinker
477 (4.8)
4,521 (3.6)
Current drinker
4,694 (47.3)
56,570 (45.3)
Nutritional intake (, %)
Total calories (kcal/d)
1760.5 (579.9)
1749.2 (568.7)
0.056
Protein (g/d)
58.9 (26.6)
59.7 (26.4)
0.004†
Fat (g/d)
27.5 (18.5)
28.3 (18.2)
<0.001†
Carbohydrate (g/d)
315.0 (95.1)
309.8 (92.8)
<0.001†
Frequency of coffee (, %)
<0.001†
No drink
1,613 (16.2)
20,160 (16.1)
Mild
2,199 (22.1)
25,286 (20.2)
Heavy
6,121 (61.6)
79,476 (63.6)
Frequency of green tea (, %)
<0.001†
No drink
4,133 (41.6)
53,638 (42.9)
Mild
1,696 (17.1)
19,287 (15.4)
Heavy
4,104 (41.3)
51,997 (41.6)
Frequency of soft drink (, %)
<0.001†
No drink
4,085 (41.1)
53,413 (42.8)
Mild
4,415 (44.4)
51,710 (41.4)
Heavy
1,433 (14.4)
19,799 (15.8)
D: day; W: week; M: month; : number; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index. was considered statistically significant. †Independent -test or chi-square test.
