Structural and Evolutionary Adaptation of NOD-Like Receptors in Birds

Figure 4

Sequence and primary functional differences in NOD1 CARD. (a) Alignment of NOD1 CARD domain sequences. Star () indicates adaptive amino acid substitutions of NOD1 CARD in birds. (b) The NOD1 CARD shape and electrostatic potential for human, chicken, mouse, mammalian ancestor, and avian ancestor are plotted; the surfaces are color-coded according to electrostatic surface potential: red, −10 kT; white, 0 kT; and blue, +10 kT. Residues reported to be important for NOD1/RIP2 interaction, and NF-κB activation in human is labeled.

(a)

(b)