: 15 (15) vs. 15 (15) Age: vs. Gender (female): 15/15 vs. 15/15 BMI: vs.
Inclusion: multiparous women suffering from postpartum low back pain (3 mo after delivery); age, 25–35 yrs; kg/m2; parity, 2–3 children; delivery type, normal cesarean section Exclusion: gynecological diseases; specific spinal diseases
ESWT Device: Storz with 20 mm D-actor head Parameters: 2 bar, 10 Hz, 2000 pulses, 0.18 mJ/mm2, 5 min Sessions: twice a wk for 4 wk Physical exercise: abdominal strengthening exercise, postural correction exercises, and posterior pelvic tilting exercise (60 min) Sessions: twice a wk for 4 wk
Physical exercise: abdominal strengthening exercise, postural correction exercises, and posterior pelvic tilting exercise (60 min) Sessions: twice a wk for 4 wk
VAS Baseline: vs. 4-wk FU: vs.
ND
Shockwave therapy is an effective modality in alleviating postpartum low back pain
: 25 (25) vs. 25 (20) Age: vs. Gender (female): 10/25 vs. 12/20
Inclusion: 18 and 65 yrs old; months; history of physical therapy and/or spinal injection within the past 3 mo Exclusion: Specific spinal disease; pregnancy; cardiac pacemaker; rheumatic diseases; structural anomaly; medical treatment such as pregabalin, gabapentin, and antidepressant for chronic pain treatment
NRS Baseline at rest: 5 (2–8) vs. 5 (3–8) Baseline at movement: 8 (4–10) vs. 8.5 (7–10) 6-wk FU at rest: vs. 6-wk FU at movement: vs. 12-wk FU at rest: vs. 12-wk FU at movement: vs.
ODI Baseline: 44 (11–74) vs. 46 (15–82) 6-wk FU: vs. 12-wk FU: vs.
None of the patients left the study due to side effects of the treatment
ESWT showed a significant superiority over placebo in improving the parameters of pain, disability, depression, anxiety, and quality of life in the patients with CLBP
: 15 (15) vs. 15 (15) Age: vs. Gender (female): 5/15 vs. 5/15 BMI: vs.
Inclusion: 20–30 yrs old; normal BMI; CLBP mo Exclusion: specific spinal disease; pregnancy
ESWT Device: Elettronica Paganis medical devices with 17 mm head Parameters: 5 Hz, 2000 pulses, 0.10 mJ/mm2 Sessions: twice a wk for 6 wk Physical therapy: manual passive stretching exercises, progressive strengthening exercises for abdominal and back muscles, anterior and posterior pelvic tilt; physical therapy program was applied twice per wk for 6 wk
Physical therapy: manual passive stretching exercises, progressive strengthening exercises for abdominal and back muscles, anterior and posterior pelvic tilt; physical therapy program was applied twice per wk for 6 wk
VAS: Baseline: vs. 6-wk FU: vs.
ND
ESWT can effectively improve trunk muscle activity and reduce pain level in patients with nonspecific CLBP
: 47 (47) vs. 48 (44) Age: vs. Gender (female): 22/47 vs. 25/48 BMI: vs.
Inclusion: 18–80 yrs old; CLBP Exclusion: specific spinal disease, history of spine surgery, mental illness, uncontrolled systemic diseases
ESWT Device: Swiss DolorClast device (Electro Medical Systems, Nyon, Switzerland) and EvoBlue handpiece Parameters: 15 Hz, 4000 pulses Sessions: once a wk for 4 wk
Medication Celecoxib ( mg per day for moderate pain (NRS score 4–6), or mg per day (NRS score 7–10)) and eperisone ( mg per day) for 4 wk
NRS Baseline: vs. 4-wk FU: vs. 12-wk FU: vs.
PSEQ Baseline: vs. 4-wk FU: vs.
No severe adverse events were observed during the study
rESWT may be superior to medication in reducing pain in subjects with CLBP
Inclusion: CLBP mo; legal age Exclusion: major disease; drug addiction; mental illness; pregnancy
ESWT Device: Cellconnect Impulse Parameters: 15–42 Hz Sessions: twice a wk for 3 wk Myofascial trigger therapy: palpation of the target musculature, identification of the trigger points, and provocation of the taut muscle fasciae for 30 min Sessions: twice a wk for 3 wk
Myofascial trigger therapy: palpation of the target musculature, identification of the trigger points, and provocation of the taut muscle fasciae for 30 min Sessions: twice a wk for 3 wk
7-point-Likert scale: ESWT + MT vs. MT Baseline: vs. 3-wk FU: vs.
All 30 patients completed the trial, and none complained about adverse effects
Combining MT with ESWT enhances the physiotherapeutic effectiveness of treating chronic back pain
: 19 (17) vs. 19 (15) Age: vs. Gender (female): 11/17 vs. 6/15 BMI: vs.
Inclusion: yrs; CLBP mo Exclusion: undergoing treatment or surgery; pregnancy; cognitive problems; specific spinal diseases; medical condition; uncontrolled systemic diseases
ESWT Device: DUOLITH SD1, Storz Medical, Tägerwilen, Switzerland Parameters: 4 Hz, 1500 pulses, 0.15 mJ/mm2 Sessions: once a wk for 4 w Oral medications and exercise program: oral medications (tizanidine hydrochloride and meloxicam); exercise program: stretching exercises
Sham ESWT: method of sham treatment: treatment with same sound but no energy Oral medications and exercise program: oral medications (tizanidine hydrochloride and meloxicam). Exercise program: stretching exercises
VAS ESWT vs. control Baseline: vs. 4-wk FU: vs. 12-wk FU: vs.
ODI ESWT vs. control Baseline: vs. 4-wk FU: vs. 12-wk FU: vs.
ND
ESWT, along with oral medication and exercise therapy, appears to be a safe and effective method in the short-term treatment of CLBP patients
: 20 (20) vs. 20 (17) Age: vs. Gender (female): 14/20 vs. 15/20 BMI: 29.0
Inclusion: CLBP of L5-S1 discopathy; CLBP mo Exclusion: acute spinal pain; discopathy on a different level of the spine; lack of pain and reduced mobility in the lumbar and sacral regions; specific spinal diseases; pregnancy; pacemaker; cardiovascular diseases; blood coagulation disorders; metal implants; mental disorders; cancer; psoriasis; scleroderma; viral and bacterial infections; history of spinal surgery or drug therapy
ESWT Device: Cosmogamma, Indonesia Parameters: 2.5 bars, 5 Hz, 2000 pulses, 0.1 mJ/mm2, 7 min Sessions: twice a wk for 5 wk Stability training: physical improvement in the form of functional training (45 min, once a day, 5 days a wk)
Sham ESWT: special polyethylene applicator cap with the same sound signals during the procedure of the pneumatic head and the same technical parameters as in the real procedures Stability training: physical improvement in the form of functional training (45 mins, once a day, 5 days a wk)
VAS Baseline: vs. 5-wk FU: vs. 9-wk FU: vs. 17-wk FU: vs. LPS Baseline: vs. 5-wk FU: vs. 9-wk FU: vs. 17-wk FU: vs.
ODI Baseline: vs. 5-wk FU: vs. 9-wk FU: vs. 17-wk FU: vs.
ND
ESWT had a significant effect on the reduction of pain and the improvement of functional condition compared with the conventional physiotherapy program in patients with LBP