Dysfunctional Parenting Styles Are Associated with Mental Disorders and Low Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Brazilian Undergraduate Medical Students

Table 1

Characteristics of the undergraduate medical students ().

Variables		%
Sex
Male	174	55.2
Female	141	44.8
Skin color
White	159	50.5
Non-White	156	49.5
Living arrangement
Lives with others	243	77.1
Lives alone	72	22.9
Marital status
Without partner	291	92.4
With partner	22	7.0
Employment status
Not working	262	83.2
Working	53	16.8
Admission to the medical course
Open competition	174	55.2
Quota system	138	43.8
Undergraduate school year
Basic (years 1-2)	129	41.0
Clinical (years 3-6)	185	58.7
Smoking
Smoker	27	8.6
Nonsmoker	288	91.4
Alcohol consumption
No	65	20.6
Yes	250	79.4
Illicit drug consumption
No	230	73.0
Yes	85	27.0
Physical activity
No	120	38.1
Yes	195	61.9
Chronic disease
No	265	84.1
Yes	49	15.6
Physical assault
No	282	89.5
Yes	33	10.5
Sexual abuse
No	278	88.3
Yes	36	11.4
Anxiety
No	194	61.6
Yes	121	38.4
Depression
No	165	52.4
Yes	149	47.3
Suicide ideation
<7 no	201	63.8
≥7 yes	114	36.2
Low self-efficacy
Yes	139	44.1
No	176	55.9
Maternal bonding style
Optimal parenting	116	36.8
Affectionate constraint	98	31.1
Neglectful parent	29	9.2
Affectionless control	71	22.5
Paternal bonding style
Optimal parenting	113	35.9
Affectionate constraint	65	20.6
Neglectful parent	68	21.6
Affectionless control	65	20.6
Quantitative variables		Mean (SD)
Age (years)	18.0–41.0
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	16.3–57.0

The frequency of the students in the different categories differs due to missing values.