Dysfunctional Parenting Styles Are Associated with Mental Disorders and Low Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Brazilian Undergraduate Medical Students

Table 2

Association between anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and low self-efficacy and maternal and paternal bonding styles following adjustment for sociodemographic variables (model 1).

(a)

Parental bonding style		Anxiety					Depression
			Crude OR (95% CI)	value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value		Crude OR (95% CI)	value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value
Mother
Optimal parenting	116	40	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—	41	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—
Affectionate constraint	98	31	0.88 (0.50-1.56)	0.659	0.89 (0.46-1.74)	0.746	37	1.11 (0.63-1.94)	0.715	1.13 (0.59-2.17)	0.704
Neglectful parenting	29	11	1.16 (0.50-2.70)	0.728	0.72 (0.23-2.22)	0.568	17	2.83 (1.21-6.61)	0.016	3.24 (1.17-8.96)	0.024
Affectionless control	71	38	2.19 (1.20-4.00)	0.011	2.48 (1.15-5.33)	0.020	53	5.39 (2.79-10.38)	0.001	7.54 (3.20-17.78)	0.001
Father
Optimal parenting	113	36	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—	45	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—
Affectionate constraint	65	27	1.52 (0.81-2.86)	0.195	1.78 (0.87-3.69)	0.117	30	1.28 (0.69-2.37)	0.438	1.56 (0.77-3.14)	0.215
Neglectful parenting	68	27	1.41 (0.75-2.64)	0.284	1.89 (0.89-4.00)	0.094	32	1.32 (0.72-2.43)	0.366	1.75 (0.87-3.53)	0.117
Affectionless control	65	29	1.72 (0.92-3.23)	0.090	1.64 (0.73-3.67)	0.229	39	2.23 (1.20-4.17)	0.012	2.06 (0.93-4.60)	0.076

(b)

Parental bonding style		Suicide ideation					Low self-efficacy
			Crude OR (95% CI)	value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value		Crude OR (95% CI)	value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value
Mother
Optimal parenting	116	28	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—	76	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—
Affectionate constraint	98	32	1.52 (0.84-2.77)	0.168	1.37 (0.68-2.80)	0.381	61	1.15 (0.66-2.02)	0.619	1.18 (0.62-2.21)	0.615
Neglectful parenting	29	13	2.55 (1.09-5.95)	0.030	1.95 (0.65-5.80)	0.230	12	2.69 (1.17-6.19)	0.020	2.65 (0.97-7.19)	0.057
Affectionless control	71	41	4.29 (2.28-8.10)	0.001	3.62 (1.58-8.27)	0.002	26	3.29 (1.78-6.09)	0.001	3.81 (1.76-8.25)	0.001
Father
Optimal parenting	113	30	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—	70	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—
Affectionate constraint	65	28	2.09 (1.09-3.98)	0.025	3.09 (1.36-7.02)	0.007	35	1.40 (0.75-2.59)	0.291	1.38 (0.67-2.84)	0.383
Neglectful parenting	68	24	1.51 (0.79-2.89)	0.214	1.72 (0.80-3.71)	0.168	37	1.36 (0.74-2.51)	0.319	1.51 (0.75-3.01)	0.244
Affectionless control	65	29	2.23 (1.17-4.24)	0.015	1.37 (0.60-3.16)	0.464	32	1.68 (0.91-3.11)	0.100	1.28 (0.61-2.70)	0.513

OR: odds ratio; CI: confident interval. Multiple logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, skin color, marital status, living arrangement, employment status, process for admission to medical school, undergraduate school year, smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug consumption, physical activity, chronic disease, physical abuse, and sexual abuse.