Dysfunctional Parenting Styles Are Associated with Mental Disorders and Low Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Brazilian Undergraduate Medical Students

Table 3

Association between anxiety, suicidal ideation, and low self-efficacy according to maternal and paternal bonding styles following adjustment for sociodemographic variables and depression (model 2).

Parental bonding style		Suicide ideation					Low self-efficacy
			Crude OR (95% CI)	value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value		Crude OR (95% CI)	value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	value
Mother
Optimal parenting	116	28	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—	76	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—
Affectionate constraint	98	32	1.52 (0.84-2.77)	0.168	1.36 (0.65-2.87)	0.420	61	1.15 (0.66-2.02)	0.619	1.15 (0.61-2.19)	0.670
Neglectful parenting	29	13	2.55 (1.09-5.95)	0.030	1.41 (0.45-4.34)	0.548	12	2.69 (1.17-6.19)	0.020	1.95 (0.67-2.85)	0.221
Affectionless control	71	41	4.29 (2.28-8.10)	0.001	1.96 (0.80-4.83)	0.142	26	3.29 (1.78-6.09)	0.001	2.61 (1.14-5.95)	0.023
Father
Optimal parenting	113	30	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—	70	1.00 (ref)	—	1.00 (ref)	—
Affectionate constraint	65	28	2.09 (1.09-3.98)	0.025	3.13 (1.35-7.27)	0.008	35	1.40 (0.75-2.59)	0.291	1.24 (0.67-2.64)	0.571
Neglectful parenting	68	24	1.51 (0.79-2.89)	0.214	1.60 (0.72-3.54)	0.246	37	1.36 (0.74-2.51)	0.319	1.37 (0.65-2.85)	0.406
Affectionless control	65	29	2.23 (1.17-4.24)	0.015	1.18 (0.49-2.86)	0.713	32	1.68 (0.91-3.11)	0.100	1.18 (0.53-2.61)	0.687

OR: odds ratio; CI: confident interval. Multiple logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, skin color, marital status, living arrangement, employment status, process for admission to medical school, undergraduate school year, smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug consumption, physical activity, chronic disease, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and depression.