Microstructural and mechanical properties of cold-drawn and annealed TNTZO wires
Optical Microscope and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM, JEM 2100) used to characterize microstructure. Nanoindentation (UNHT) performed to test elastic modulus and creep behavior
Marble-like cross-section microstructure of cold-drawn TNTZO wire. The tensile strength of cold-drawn TNTZO (1000 MPa) much higher than annealed TNTZO (680 MPa) Similar elastic modulus: cold-drawn 69 GPa, annealed 65 GPa. TNTZO exhibited higher creep resistance and lower stress exponent than Ti and TC4 wires
Initial force systems investigation of Gummetal and conventional wires
Initial 3D force systems were measured with 3D force moment sensor and RX 60 robot
Amount of force: Supercable < Gummetal < NiTinol < TMA 60% of Gummetal wires showed plastic deformation The forces of NiTi, Gummetal and TMA exceeded the recommended values for leveling
Bending properties: stiffness, active deflection range, load at 3 mm displacement, plastic deformation
3-point bending test
Gummetal presented: lowest stiffness (below 3 N/mm) second highest active deflection range after NiTi second lowest load at 3 mm deflection (N) after NiTi apparent plastic deformation (only NiTi provided no plastic deformation)
TiNi, TiNb, TiMo, SS brackets 0.018 and 0.022, elastic modules
0.016
(0.018-slot-bracket 0.018
(0.022-slot-bracket
Torque moment delivered by bracket-wire combinations
Dynamic FF at three bracket-wire angles (0°, 5°, 10°) with InStron 5567 loading apparatus
TiNb had almost the same dynamic FFs as the NiTi in 0.018″ bracket. TiMo presented significantly higher () values. FFs were 1.5-2 times lower in 0.022″ bracket regardless of alloy wire type. SEM images showed that the surface of TiMo was much rougher with scratches visible comparing to the other wires
Gummetal SS Elgiloy NiTi TMA in various brackets: Clarity, Discovery, Inspire Ice, Micro Sprint brackets 0.018 and 0.022, steel wire ligation
0.014 0.016
Dynamic friction in the binding modus, dry state, room temperature
Robotic measurement system (RMS) test
Loss of applied force due to friction in Gummetal was comparable to SS and Elgiloy. Friction of Gummetal in Micro Sprint brackets was outstandingly low. Round wires provided lower friction (except for ceramic bracket Inspire Ice) Micro Sprint—low friction
Tension distribution in the anterior region of mandible in MEAW and GEAW technique with and without intermaxillary elastics
Tension distribution assessed on photoelastic models simulating lower arch, measured by means of reflection polariscope
Gummetal with elastics generated the lowest mean tension values significantly different () from the other groups MEAW with elastics and GEAW without elastic yielded tension values statistically similar ()
Blue Elgiloy (with multiloops) Gummetal Brackets SS 0.018
Blue Elgiloy Gummetal
Distribution of stress and strain with and without intermaxillary elastics
Mandibular dentoalveolar unit generated by rapid programming and subjected to 300 g force applied by class III elastics (in specialized software)
Gummetal presented lower values of the strains than Blue Elgiloy. The use of elastics did not affect the distribution of stress and strain regardless tested alloy
Simulation of Newton 0.9807 mechanical load applied by mechanical stress in the pipe arch and distributed along the lower left quadrant on simulated observation unit
Gummetal showed less stress and deformation than NiTi under the same mechanical conditions
Gummetal TMA Blue Elgiloy (with multiloops) Damon CuNiTi Sentalloy Green Sentalloy Black Sentalloy White Standard Edgewise 0.018 brackets
(Gummetal) (Blue Elgiloy) Damon CuNiTi ( and ) Sentalloy Green () Sentalloy Black and White ()
Uprighting moments produced with different archwires
2D measuring machine with three independent force tranducers for displaying horizontal (x-axis) and vertical (y-axis) forces, as well as moments around z-axis
No significant differences between Gummetal and TMA in producing uprighting moments were observed
Gummetal and TMA presented flexural elastic modulus constant with temperature. TMA elastic modulus (105 GPa) was approximately twice higher than Gummetal’s elastic modulus (40 GPa)
