Research Article
Admission Serum Ionized and Total Calcium as New Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock
Table 1
Characteristics of the study patients according to serum iCa levels.
| | Characteristics | | iCa levels (mmol/L) | | | Total | Q1 () | Q2 () | Q3 () | Q4 () | value |
| | Number | 921 | 223 | 224 | 231 | 243 | | | Age (years) | 72.0 (62.0-81.0) | 73.0 (64.5-81.0) | 71.0 (60.8-80.0) | 75.0 (63.0-81.5) | 72.0 (61.0-80.5) | 0.200 | | Sex (male), (%) | 555 (60.3%) | 122 (54.7%) | 133 (59.4%) | 148 (64.1%) | 152 (62.6%) | 0.181 | | Ethnicity (white), (%) | 630 (68.4%) | 142 (63.7%) | 162 (72.3%) | 163 (70.6%) | 163 (67.1%) | 0.204 | | Current smoking, (%) | 472 (51.2%) | 105 (47.1%) | 113 (50.4%) | 122 (52.8%) | 132 (54.3%) | 0.432 | | ACS etiology, (%) | 711 (77.2%) | 168 (75.3%) | 172 (76.8%) | 185 (80.1%) | 186 (76.5%) | 0.551 | | Comorbidities, (%) | | | | | | | | CAD | 629 (68.3%) | 126 (56.5%) | 121 (54.0%) | 146 (63.2%) | 144 (59.3%) | 0.181 | | CHF | 205 (22.3%) | 53 (23.8%) | 56 (25.0%) | 51 (22.1%) | 45 (18.5%) | 0.357 | | AF | 445 (48.3%) | 111 (49.8%) | 110 (49.1%) | 113 (48.9%) | 111 (45.7%) | 0.812 | | Hypertension | 315 (34.2%) | 79 (35.4%) | 78 (34.8%) | 77 (33.3%) | 81 (33.3%) | 0.951 | | PAD | 146 (15.9%) | 32 (14.4%) | 40 (17.9%) | 39 (16.9%) | 35 (14.4%) | 0.655 | | Stroke | 49 (5.3%) | 11 (4.9%) | 15 (6.7%) | 15 (6.5%) | 8 (3.3%) | 0.318 | | DM | 333 (36.2%) | 74 (33.2%) | 83 (37.1%) | 83 (35.9%) | 93 (38.2%) | 0.704 | | CKD | 230 (25.0%) | 55 (24.7%) | 54 (24.1%) | 55 (23.8%) | 66 (27.2%) | 0.828 | | Vital signs | | | | | | | | SBP (mmHg) | 107.0 (97.0-116.0) | 104.0 (95.0-113.0) | 107.0 (95.8-114.0) | 111.0 (99.5-117.0) | 107.0 (95.0-117.1) | 0.021 | | DBP (mmHg) | 54.0 (47.0-61.0) | 54.0 (47.5-61.0) | 55.0 (47.0-60.0) | 55.0 (47.0-63.0) | 54.0 (45.5-61.0) | 0.722 | | MBP (mmHg) | 72.0 (64.0-79.0) | 71.0 (63.8-78.0) | 72.0 (65.6-78.0) | 73.0 (65.9-81.0) | 72.0 (62.0-79.0) | 0.182 | | HR (beats/min) | 87.0 (77.0-99.0) | 88.0 (78.0-99.0) | 89.5 (78.0-102.0) | 86.0 (76.0-99.0) | 85.0 (75.0-97.0) | 0.058 | | Laboratory-based data | | | | | | | | tCa (mg/dL) | 8.3 (7.8-8.9) | 8.0 (7.5-8.7) | 8.3 (7.8-8.9) | 8.3 (8.0-8.7) | 8.7 (8.1-9.2) | <0.001 | | Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 3.8 (3.0-4.9) | 4.0 (3.2-5.1) | 3.70 (2.9-4.8) | 3.7 (3.0-4.7) | 4.0 (3.0-5.0) | 0.202 | | Potassium (mmol/L) | 3.7 (3.4-4.1) | 3.7 (3.4-4.1) | 3.7 (3.4-4.0) | 3.7 (3.4-4.1) | 3.8 (3.4-4.2) | 0.438 | | Sodium (mmol/L) | 135.0 (132.0-138.0) | 135.0 (132.0-138.0) | 135.0 (133.0-138.0) | 135.0 (133.0-138.0) | 135.0 (132.0-138.0) | 0.592 | | Chloride (mmol/L) | 101.0 (97.0-105.0) | 102.0 (96.5-105.0) | 101.0 (97.0-106.0) | 102.0 (97.0-105.0) | 102.0 (98.0-106.0) | 0.852 | | Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 20.0 (16.0-23.0) | 19.0 (15.0-23.0) | 19.0 (16.0-23.0) | 21.0 (17.0-24.0) | 19.0 (16.0-23.0) | 0.003 | | Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.3-2.8) | 2.1 (1.4-3.4) | 1.9 (1.3-2.6) | 1.7 (1.1-2.5) | 1.8 (1.3-2.6) | <0.001 | | AG (mmol/L) | 14.0 (12.0-17.0) | 14.0 (12.0-17.0) | 14.0 (12.0-17.0) | 14.0 (12.0-16.0) | 15.0 (12.0-17.0) | 0.050 | | PH | 7.3 (7.2-7.4) | 7.3 (7.2-7.4) | 7.4 (7.3-7.4) | 7.3 (7.2-7.4) | 7.3 (7.2-7.4) | 0.714 | | Creatinine (μmol/L) | 1.3 (0.0-2.1) | 1.3 (0.9-1.9) | 1.3 (0.9-2.1) | 1.2 (0.9-2.0) | 1.3 (1.0-2.5) | 0.190 | | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 60.0 (36.0-87.8) | 58.4 (35.1-83.5) | 59.9 (35.6-86.8) | 63.1 (37.7-94.5) | 60.2 (36.9-87.9) | 0.234 | | Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 9.7 (8.2-11.3) | 9.7 (8.2-11.1) | 9.60 (8.0-11.2) | 10.0 (8.6-11.6) | 9.60 (8.1-11.4) | 0.065 | | Platelet (109/L) | 183.0 (127.0-247.0) | 171.0 (125.0-230.5) | 192.5 (138.8-267.0) | 180.0 (128.5-242.5) | 189.0 (121.0-254.5) | 0.107 | | WBC (109/L) | 10.8 (8.0-14.4) | 10.9 (7.5-14.6) | 10.9 (8.6-14.3) | 10.4 (7.9-13.8) | 10.8 (8.1-14.4) | 0.553 | | Scoring system | | | | | | | | SOFA | 7.0 (4.0-10.0) | 7.0 (5.0-11.0) | 7.0 (5.0-10.0) | 7.0 (4.0-9.0) | 7.0 (5.0-10.0) | 0.074 | | SAPS II | 45.0 (35.0-55.0) | 47.0 (36.5-57.0) | 46.5 (35.8-56.0) | 43.0 (32.5-53.5) | 45.0 (34.0-54.0) | 0.099 | | GCS | 15.0 (14.0-15.0) | 15.0 (14.0-15.0) | 15.0 (14.0-15.0) | 15.0 (14.0-15.0) | 15.0 (14.0-15.0) | 0.833 | | Treatment information, (%) | | | | | | | | Mechanical ventilation | 738 (80.1%) | 183 (82.1%) | 181 (80.8%) | 180 (77.9%) | 194 (79.8%) | 0.727 | | RRT | 131 (14.2%) | 41 (18.4%) | 23 (10.3%) | 19 (8.2%) | 48 (19.8%) | <0.001 | | In-hospital medication | | | | | | | | Inotrope use | 613 (66.6%) | 151 (67.7%) | 150 (67.0%) | 157 (67.97%) | 155 (63.79%) | 0.754 | | Vasopressor use | 620 (67.3%) | 157 (70.4%) | 156 (69.6%) | 144 (62.3%) | 163 (67.1%) | 0.248 |
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CS: cardiogenic shock; iCa: ionized calcium; ACS: acute coronary symptom; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHF: chronic heart failure; PAD: peripheral artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MBP: mean blood pressure; HR: heart rate; tCa: total calcium; AG: anion gap; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; WBC: white blood cell; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; RRT: renal replacement treatment.
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