[Retracted] Handgrip Strength-Related Factors Affecting Health Outcomes in Young Adults: Association with Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Table 1

Characteristics of the study participants.

Characteristics	Male ()	Female ()	value
Demography
Age (years)			0.217
Height (cm)			≤0.001
Weight (kg)			≤0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)			≤0.001
BSA (m^2)			≤0.001
HS
HSleft (kg)			≤0.001
HSright (kg)			≤0.001
HSaverage (kg)			≤0.001
HSBMI			≤0.001
HSBSA			≤0.001
Anthropometry
Lean-tissue percentage (%)			≤0.001
Fat percentage (%)			≤0.001
Protein percentage (%)			≤0.001
Total water percentage (%)			≤0.001
Inorganic salt percentage (%)			≤0.001
Cardiorespiratory fitness
AT (ml/kg·min)			≤0.001
VO2max (ml/kg·min)			≤0.001
HRrest (rpm)			≤0.001
HRAT (rpm)			0.392
HRmax (rpm)			0.841
RERmax			0.317
VEmax (ml/min)			≤0.001
Loadmax (W)			≤0.001
Psysmax (mmHg)			≤0.001
Pdiamax (mmHg)			0.007
METmax			≤0.001
ΔVO2/ΔLoad			0.741
VE/VCO2			≤0.001
OUES			≤0.001
Smoking (%)	49 (79.0)	79 (95.2)	0.003
Exercise habits (%)			≤0.001
Sedentary	29 (46.8)	65 (78.3)
1–2 times a week	20 (32.3)	17 (20.5)
≥3 times a week	13 (21.0)	1 (1.2)

SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; HS_left: handgrip strength of the left hand; HS_right: handgrip strength of the right hand; HS_max: maximum handgrip strength of the two hands; HS_average: average handgrip strength of both hands; HS_BMI: HS_average adjusted for BMI; HS_BSA: HS_average adjusted for BSA; AT: anaerobic threshold; VO_2max: max oxygen uptake; HR_rest: resting heart rate; HR_AT: heart rate at anaerobic threshold; HR_max: max heart rate; Load_max: max work load; RER_max: respiratory exchange ratio at max work load; VE_max: minute ventilation at max work load; Psys_max: systolic pressure at max work load; Pdia_max: diastolic pressure at max workload; MET_max: metabolic equivalent at max work load; ΔVO₂/ΔLoad: oxygen required at each load; VE/VCO₂: the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope. Values are shown as or as number (%).