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| Year | First author and country | Patient no. | Grade | Study endpoints | Results |
|
| 2019 | Wang et al. (China) [36] | 49 | HGG 23
LGG 26 | To analyze the relationship between quantitative CEUS parameters and microvessel density (MVD) in different grades of gliomas | CEUS provides dynamic and continuous real-time imaging and quantitative data analysis of different grades of gliomas; the quantitative CEUS parameters were closely related to MVD and were helpful in understanding glioma grade and optimizing surgical strategy |
| 2016 | Prada et al. (Italy) [40] | 10 | HGG 10 | To assess the capability of CEUS to identify residual tumor mass during glioma surgery and to increase the extent of resection (EOR) | CEUS is extremely specific in the identification of residual tumor. The ability of CEUS to distinguish between tumor and artifacts or normal brain on B-mode is based on its ability to determine the vascularization degree. Therefore, CEUS can play a decisive role in the process of maximizing GBM resection |
| 2016 | Lekht et al. (USA) [41] | 5 | HGG 1
LGG 1
Others 3 | To provide further clinical data on the versatile application of CEUS through a technical note and illustrative case series | CEUS provides safe, real-time, and dynamic contrast-based imaging that can potentially be used for routine neurooncological surgery and image-guided biopsy. CEUS eliminates the effect of anatomical distortions associated with standard neuronavigation and provides quantitative perfusion data in real time, which may hold major implications for intraoperative diagnosis, tissue differentiation, and quantification of EOR |
| 2016 | Cheng et al. (China) [4] | 88 | HGG 50
LGG 38 | To investigate the value of CEUS for evaluating the grade of glioma and the correlation between MVD and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | CEUS could help determine the boundary of peritumoral brain edema of glioma. CEUS parameters in cerebral gliomas could indirectly reflect MVD and VEGF |
| 2015 | Yu et al. (China) [25] | 120 | HGG 76
LGG 44 | To evaluate the diagnostic significance of CEUS in assessing the resection degree of brain glioma using transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination | CEUS had high sensitivity and specificity for evaluating the extent of tumor excision. Residual tumor rates detected using ultrasound contrast and TEM examination, respectively, had medium consistency. The application of intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasound can improve the resection rate of brain glioma |
| 2014 | Prada et al. (Italy) [33] | 71 | HGG 37
LGG 16
Others 18 | To evaluate and describe different brain pathologies using CEUS compared to preliminary baseline US and preoperative magnetic resonance. This technique, being dynamic and continuous, allows for a real-time direct view of the vascularization and flow distribution patterns of different types of neurosurgical lesions | CEUS adds valuable anatomic and biological information, such as vascularization, microcirculation, and tissue perfusion dynamics, which could possibly provide further insights into the pathology of brain tumors. It might help surgeons plan an approach to the lesion, highlight the lesion, distinguish between tumor and edematous brain tissue, and identify afferent and efferent vessels and hyperperfused areas, thereby possibly modifying the intraoperative surgical strategy |
| 2014 | Prada et al. (Italy) [29] | 69 | LGG22
HGG47 | To perform the first characterization of cerebral glioma using CEUS and to possibly achieve intraoperative differentiation of different gliomas | CEUS is a fast, safe, dynamic, real-time, and economic imaging modality that might be helpful in differentiating malignant and benign gliomas during surgery and refining surgical strategies |
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