Antiviral Potential of Selected Medicinal Herbs and Their Isolated Natural Products

Table 2

Summary (phytocompounds and antiviral mechanisms).

Phytocompound	Medicinal herb	Target viral species	Mechanism
(1) Gingerols	Zingiber officinale	HRS virus	N/I
(2) Taepeenin j	Caesalpinia bonducella	SARS-COV-19 virus	Mitigate cytokine storms by preventing the receptor binding process
(3) Allicin	Allium sativum	Herpes simplex virus-1; Herpes simplex virus-2; Parainfluenza virus-3; Vaccinia virus; Vesicular stomatitis virus	Disruption of viral envelop and cell membrane
(4) Alliin and diallyl sulfide	Allium sativum	Dengue virus	Reduction of oxidative stress
(5) Ajoene	Allium sativum	Human immunodeficiency virus-1	Inhibition of viral reverse transcriptase and cell attachment
(6) Allyl methyl thiosulfinate	Allium sativum	Herpes simplex virus-1; Herpes simplex virus-2; Parainfluenza virus-3; Vaccinia virus; Vesicular stomatitis virus; Human rhinovirus type 2	Disruption of viral envelop and cell membrane
(7) Diallyl trisulfide	Allium sativum	Human cytomegalovirus; IAV-H1N1	Inhibit viral DNA synthesis
(8) Glycyrrhizin	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus	Inhibit the plaque formation of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2); Prevent the replication of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus
(9) Microlobidene, Farnesiferol C, Farnesiferol B, Kellerin	Ferula assafoetida	Rhinovirus (HRV-2)	Prevention of rhinovirus adsorption (HRV-2)
(10) 8-acetoxy-5S-hydroxyumbelliprenin, methyl galbanate, galbanic acid, conferol	Ferula assafoetida	Influenza A H1N1 virus	N/I
(11) Gossypol	Gossypium herbaceum	(HIV-l) human immunodeficiency	Prevented the replication
(12) Repandusinic acid	Phyllanthus niruri	(HIV-l) human immunodeficiency	Inhibitory effect on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
(13) Withaferin A	Withania somnifera	Herpes simplex virus	Inhibits herpes simplex virus’s DNA polymerases
(14) Curcumin	Curcuma longa	Influenza viruses PR8, H1N1, and H6N1	N/I
(15) 1,2,4,6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose	Phyllanthus emblica	Herpes simplex virus; HSV-1	Blocking viral attachment and penetration
(16) Casuarinin	Terminalia arjuna	Herpes simplex type 2 viruses (HSV-2)	Inhibition of viral penetration

N/I: not identified.