Neuropsychiatric Ramifications of COVID-19: Short-Chain Fatty Acid Deficiency and Disturbance of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Signaling

Table 1

Gut microbiota dysbiosis in neuropsychiatric disorders and COVID-19. Data were derived from fecal microbiota samples. Deficiency in SCFA-producing bacteria in neuropsychiatric disorders (a) and COVID-19 (b).

(a) Deficiency of SCFA-producing bacteria in neuropsychiatric disorders

Disorder	Decreased SCFA-producing bacteria	Reference	Methodology
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)	Butyricicoccus spp.; Eubacterium rectale; Faecalibacterium spp.; Lachnospira spp.; Ruminococcus gnavus; Fusobacterium spp.; Sutterella spp.	Jiang et al. [56]	16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing
Major depressive disorder (MDD)	Bifidobacterium spp.; Lactobacillus spp.	Aizawa et al. [57]	16S rRNA sequencing
Anti-NMDAR encephalitis	Bifidobacterium spp.; Faecalibacterium spp.; Prevotella_6 spp.; Coprococcus spp.; Faecalibacterium spp.; Lachnospira spp.; Roseburia spp.; Ruminococcus spp.	Gong et al. [42]; Chen et al. [41]	16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing; 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing
Acute hepatic encephalopathy	Bifidobacterium spp.; Burkholderia spp.; Enterococcus spp.; Faecalibacterium spp.; Roseburia spp.	Bajaj [58]; Rai et al. [53]	Review: 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing; 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing
Acute ischemic stroke	Anaerostipes spp.; Bacteroides spp.; Blautia obeum; Faecalibacterium spp.; Roseburia spp.	Tan et al. [59]	16S rRNA sequencing
Parkinson’s disease (PD)	Faecalibacterium spp.; Lachnospiraceae ND3007 Roseburia spp.	Nishiwaki et al. [60]	16S rRNA sequencing, followed by meta-analysis
Multiple sclerosis (MS)	Adlercreutzia spp.; Anaerostipes spp.; Bacteroides coprocola; Bacteroides coprophilous; Bacteroides stercoris; Collinsella spp.; Faecalibacterium spp.; Lactobacillus spp.; Parabacteroides spp.; Provotella copri; Sutterella spp.	Schepici et al. [55]	Review: 16S rRNA sequencing
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)	Adlercreutzia spp.; Bifidobacterium spp. Turicibacter spp.	Vogt et al. [61]	16S rRNA sequencing
Cognitive frailty and dementia	Eubacterium rectale	Ticinesi et al. [19]	Review: 16S rRNA sequencing
Stress	Bacteroides spp.; Collinsella spp.; Faecalibacterium spp.; Roseburia spp.	Karl et al. [62]	16S rRNA sequencing

(b) Deficiency of SCFA-producing bacteria in COVID-19

Decreased SCFA-producing bacteria	Reference	Methodology
Agathobacter spp.; Fusicatenibacter spp.; Intestinibacter spp.; Romboutsia spp.; Roseburia spp.; Ruminococcaceae UGC-013	Segal et al. [63]	Review: 16S rRNA sequencing, shotgun metagenomic sequencing deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing
Bifidobacterium spp.; Blautia obeum; Dorea formicigenerans; Eubacterium rectale; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum; Ruminococcus bromii	Yeoh et al. [64]	Shotgun sequencing of total DNA
Bacteroides dorei; Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron; Bacteroides massiliensis; Bacteroides ovatus; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	Zuo et al. [65]	DNA flex sequencing