Abstract
Age is a key factor in intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration; however, the changes that occur in IVDs with age are not fully understood. Tissue-resident macrophages are critical for tissue homeostasis and are regulated by transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β. We examined changes in the proportion of resident macrophages in young versus aged mice and the role of TGF-β in regulating resident macrophages in IVDs. IVDs were harvested from 4-month (young) and 18-month-old (aged) C57BL/6J mice. The proportion of macrophages in IVDs was determined using flow cytometry ( for each time point) and the expression of Cd11b, Cd206, and Tgfb genes, which encode CD11b, CD206, and TGF-β protein, respectively, using real-time PCR. To study the role of TGF-β in the polarization of resident macrophages, resident macrophages isolated from IVDs from young and aged mice were treated with recombinant TGF-β with and without a TGF-β inhibitor (SB431542). Additionally, SB431542 was intraperitoneally injected into young and aged mice, and Cd206 expression was examined using real-time PCR ( for each time point). The proportion of CD11b+ and CD11b+ CD206+ cells was significantly reduced in aged versus young mice, as was Cd11b, Cd206, and Tgfb expression. TGF-β/IL10 stimulation significantly increased the expression of Cd206, an M2 macrophage marker, in disc macrophages from both young and aged mice. Meanwhile, administration of a TGF-β inhibitor significantly reduced Cd206 expression compared to vehicle control in both groups. Conclusion. Resident macrophages decrease with age in IVDs, which may be associated with the concomitant decrease in TGF-β. Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms of age-related IVD pathology.
1. Introduction
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is frequently linked to low back pain [1, 2], and age is a key factor in IVD degeneration. Evidence suggests that several factors, including altered extracellular matrix components, anabolic/catabolic balance, cell senescence, and inflammation, are associated with aging-related IVD degeneration [3–6]. However, the changes that occur in IVDs with age are not fully understood.
Various kinds of macrophages, including resident macrophages and recruited macrophages, are present in degenerated IVDs [7–10]. Recruited macrophages differentiate into proinflammatory phenotype M1 macrophages, which are thought to induce inflammation in IVDs [7]. In contrast, tissue-specific macrophages, known as resident macrophages, exist in a variety of tissues [10–14]. Recent studies have demonstrated that resident macrophages exist in mouse and human IVDs [9, 10, 13]. Resident macrophages exhibit M2 phenotype and play an important role in promoting regeneration, inflammation resolution, and remodeling [15]. However, a previous study reported that resident macrophages in the heart decrease and show declining self-renewal activity with age [16]. Age-related reductions in resident macrophages in IVDs may form part of the mechanism underlying age-related IVD degeneration. However, the factors causing age-related decreases in resident macrophages remain to be determined.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling plays important roles in a number of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis, in different cell types, and is associated with aging-related pathology [17]. TGF-β and its receptors have been observed in nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus cells in young mice; the expressions of which are reduced with age [18]. Further, recent studies have reported that TGF-β promotes the development and homeostasis of resident macrophages in the skin and lung [19, 20]. We hypothesized that age-related decreases in TGF-β may alter resident macrophage populations in IVDs.
Here, we examined changes in the proportion of resident macrophages in young versus aged mice and the role of TGF-β in regulating resident macrophages in IVDs.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
The study protocol received approval from the Kitasato Institutional Animal Care Committee (reference number: 2020-089). The study complied with the ARRIVE guidelines for the reporting of animal experiments. All methods were conducted based on the guidelines for the proper conduct of animal experiments by the Science Council of Japan.
Male C57BL/6J (B6) mice aged 4 (young) and 18 (aged) months (30 mice each) were housed in a housing system maintained at and humidity with a 12 : 12-hour light : dark cycle throughout the study period.
Coccygeal (Co) 5/6, Co6/7, and Co7/8 IVDs were resected without separating the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) and pooled for each measurement.
2.2. Flow Cytometric Analysis
IVDs were harvested from young and aged mice ( each) and digested with 2 mg/ml collagenase type I solution (Product no. 032-22364, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan) at 37°C overnight, before being passed through a nylon mesh filter with pore size 100 μm. The resulting single-cell suspensions were incubated with PE/Cy7-conjugated anti-CD45 (Clone: 30-F11, Product no. 103114, BioLegend, CA, USA) and APC-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD11b (Clone: M1/70, Product no. 101226, BioLegend) antibodies for 40 min at 4°C and subsequently treated with fixation/permeabilization solution (Product no. 420801, BioLegend). The cells were then incubated with APC-conjugated CD206 antibody (Clone: C068C2, Product no. 141708, BioLegend) for 30 min at 4°C and washed twice in wash buffer. The labeled cells were subjected to flow cytometry, in which 50,000 total events were acquired using a BD FACSVerse system (BD Biosciences, San Jose CA, USA), and the results were analyzed using FlowJo v10.7™ (Tree Star, Ashland OR, USA). Negative gates were determined using isotype control.
2.3. Real-Time PCR Analysis
IVDs were harvested from young and aged mice ( each). Standard TRIzol (Product no. 15596026, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)/chloroform methods were used to extract total RNA from IVD samples. SuperScript III RT™ (Product no. 18080085, Invitrogen) was subsequently used to synthesize first-strand cDNA for use in real-time PCR with SYBR™ Green (Product no. 204054, Qiagen, Valencia CA, USA). We examined the expression of Cd11b (macrophage marker), Cd206 (M2 maker), and Tgfb genes, which encode CD11b, CD206, and TGF-β protein, respectively, based on previous reports [9, 13, 21]. Primers were generated according to our previous report [9, 13, 21]. The delta-delta Ct method and the housekeeping gene Gapdh were used to determine relative mRNA expression levels of the genes of interest.
2.4. Effect of TGF-β Inhibitor on Resident Macrophages In Vitro
Following collagenase digestion, IVD-derived cells obtained from young and aged mice, as described above (), were incubated with biotin-conjugated anti-CD11b (Clone: M1/70, Product no. 101204, BioLegend) antibodies for 30 min at 4°C. After washing twice with PBS at at 4°C, IVD cells were reacted with streptavidin-magnetic particles (Product no. 557812, BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) for 30 min at 4°C, before incubating on ice for 8 min in an IMag separation system (Product no. 552311, BD Biosciences). After aspirating the unbounded cells (CD11b-negative cells), the tube was removed from the magnetic support to obtain the CD11b-positive cells, and 5 ml of culture medium was added. The positive fraction was washed twice with culture medium (α-MEM with 10% fetal bovine serum) at at 4°C, before being incubated in culture medium supplemented with 100 ng/ml recombinant mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF; Product no. 576406, BioLegend) for 7 days. Following the culture period, macrophages were stimulated with culture medium (vehicle), 10 ng/ml mouse recombinant TGF-β (mrTGF-β; Product no. 7666-MB-005/CF, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) + 10 ng/ml mouse recombinant IL-10 (mrIL-10; Product no. 575806, BioLegend), or mrTGF-β +IL-10+ 1 μM SB431542 (TGF-β inhibitor; Product no. S4317, Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) for 24 hours. M2 marker (Cd206) expression was subsequently determined using real-time PCR analysis.
2.5. Effect of TGF-β Inhibitor on Cd206 Expression in IVDs
Young and aged C57BL/6J mice were randomly and equally divided into control and treatment groups ( each). The control group received an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 5% DMSO solution (vehicle), while the treatment group was given an IP injection of 10 mg/kg SB431542 in 5% DMSO solution. Dosage was chosen according to the optimal inhibitory effect observed at an IP dose of 10 mg/kg, as reported previously [22, 23]. After 24 hours, IVDs were harvested from young and aged mice and Cd206 expression was determined using real-time PCR.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Distribution of the data was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mann–Whitney tests were used to evaluate differences between the 4- and 18-month groups. Bonferroni multiple comparisons test with one-way ANOVA was used to determine differences among the vehicle and TGF-β/IL-10 or TGF-β/IL-10/SB431542 treatment groups.
3. Results
3.1. Proportion of Resident Macrophages and Tgfb Expression in Young and Aged Mice
The proportion of CD11b+ and CD11b+ CD206+ cells was significantly reduced in aged versus young mice (CD11b+, ; CD11b+ CD206+, ; Figure 1). Consistent with these flow cytometry findings, Cd11b and Cd206 expression was also significantly reduced in aged versus young mice (Cd11b, ; CD206, ; Figures 2(a) and 2(b)). Likewise, Tgfb expression was significantly reduced in aged versus young mice (; Figure 2(c)).
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3.2. Effect of TGF-β Inhibitor on Cd206 Expression in Resident Macrophage Cell Culture
Expression of the M2 macrophage marker Cd206 was significantly elevated following TGF-β/IL10 stimulation of macrophages derived from young and aged mice (young, ; aged, ; Figure 3). This increase was significantly reversed following exposure to SB431542 (young, ; aged, ; Figure 3). Cd206 expression was comparable in macrophages derived from young and aged mice subjected to the same culture conditions.
3.3. Effect of TGF-β Inhibitor on Cd206 Expression in IVDs In Vivo
An IP injection of the TGF-β inhibitor SB431542 significantly reduced Cd206 expression relative to vehicle control in both young and aged mice ( and , respectively; Figure 4).
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4. Discussion
Tissue-resident macrophages are critical for tissue homeostasis and immunomodulation. Mice lacking resident macrophages in the epidermis, known as Langerhan cells (LCs), which express IL-10 [24], develop exaggerated contact hypersensitivity. Loss of alveolar macrophages hinders the accumulation of pulmonary surfactants, ultimately causing pulmonary alveolar proteinosis [12, 25, 26]. In our study, we observed a heterogeneous population comprising CD206− and CD206+ macrophages in mouse IVDs, both of which decreased with age. Numerous studies have suggested that CD206+ resident macrophages play an important role in immunosuppression [27, 28]. In allergic skin inflammation, Th2 cytokines induce CD206+ M2 macrophage-mediated anti-inflammatory activity [28]. CD206+ M2 macrophages also show anti-inflammatory activity during endotoxemic lung injury through inhibiting the production of a number of proinflammatory cytokines [27]. The role of resident macrophages in IVDs, however, remains unclear. We hypothesized that the age-related reduction in resident macrophages may be associated with age-related IVD degeneration.
Previous studies have shown that, in addition to being self-regulatory, TGF-β regulates resident macrophages in adult mice [19, 20]. TGF-β regulates LCs, with the number of LCs shown to decrease in the absence of TGF-β [20]. Treatment of R26CreERTgfbr2fl/fl mice with tamoxifen to delete Tgfbr2 encoding TGF-β receptor 2 from all cells and tissues causes a significant decrease in alveolar macrophages [19]. In our study, Tgfb expression decreased with age and inhibition of TGF-β reduced Cd206 expression in IVDs. Together with findings from previous studies, our results suggest that the age-related decrease in TGF-β leads to a reduction in resident macrophages in IVDs.
The risk of IVD degeneration is thought to be greater in aging women than men [29, 30]. A previous study showed that 17-beta-estradiol promotes TGF-β production in cartilaginous endplate cells derived from human IVDs [31]. Further, a recent study reported that estrogen deficiency alters the M1/M2 ratio in mouse bone marrow [32]. This evidence suggests that age-related changes in resident macrophages may differ between male and female mice. Given that we only studied male mice, further investigations using female mice are needed.
There are several limitations in the present study. First, only male mice were used. Second, we did not separate NP and AF tissues for analysis. Third, how a reduction in resident macrophages is associated with IVD degeneration remains unclear. Finally, resident macrophages comprise a heterogeneous population. However, the roles of these individual populations remain unclear.
5. Conclusions
Resident macrophages decreased with age in IVDs, which may be associated with the concomitant decrease in TGF-β. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of age-related IVD pathology.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Authors’ Contributions
Yuji Yokozeki and Ayumu Kawakubo contributed equally to the work.