Roles of Bile-Derived Exosomes in Hepatobiliary Disease

Figure 1

The structure, production, and secretion of the exosomes. Exosomes are membrane vesicles with a diameter of 30-110 nm produced by living cells. Exosomes are loaded with various types of antipresentation and adhesion molecules, transmembrane proteins, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, etc. Exosomes carry a variety of active molecules, such as nucleic acids, which can mediate communications between the cells. Early exosomes in the cytoplasm are wrapped in MVEs in the form of ILVs, and exosomes are released from the cells after fusion of the vesicles with the outer membrane.