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Source | Disease type | Related molecule | Signalling pathway | Function | Ref. |
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Bile | Normal physiology | miR-15A | ERK | Exosomes in bile interact with primary cilia to reduce the proliferation of bile duct cells through the ERK pathway and miR-15A. | [28] |
Normal physiology | ALV-J | — | Biliary exosomes promote the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and monocytes in the liver, and can inhibit ALV-J. | [32] |
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Bile, cell line | Cholangiocarcinoma | circ-CCAC1 | circ-CCAC1/miR-514a-5p/YY1/CAMLG axis EZH2/SH3GL2/ZO-1/occludin | The circ-CCAC1-carrying EVs released by cholangiocarcinoma cells were absorbed by endothelial cells. circ-CCAC1 was able to destroy vascular barrier and angiogenesis via the regulation of EZH2/SH3GL2/ZO-1/occludin. | [30] |
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Serum, cell line | Prostate cancer | PKM2, CXCL12 | HIF-1α | Exosome-mediated PKM2 upregulated BMSC CXCL12 by HIF-1α-dependent fashion to complete bone metastasis of prostate cancer. | [69] |
Liver fibrosis | lncRNA-H19 | — | Exosomal lncRNA-H19 promotes cholestatic liver fibrosis by promoting the differentiation and activation of HSCs. | [70] |
Cholestatic liver injury | lncRNA-H19 | ERK1/2, AMPK, SHP | Uptake of H19-carrying exosomes from cholangiocytes suppresses SHP expression by inhibiting promotor activity and destabilizing SHP mRNA in hepatocytes. Downregulation of SHP expression results in increase of bile acid synthesis and eventually causes cholestatic liver injury. | [71] |
Bladder tumour | lncRNA-UCA1 | EMT | Hypoxic exosomal lncRNA-UCA1 promoted tumour growth and progression in vitro and in vivo through EMT. | [72] |
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Tissue, cell line | Hepatocellular carcinoma | LOXL4 | FAK/Src pathway | Exosome-mediated secretion of LOXL4 by modulating the FAK/Src pathways and angiogenesis in HCC, plays the role of tumour metastasis. | [73] |
Gastric cancer | HMGB1/TLR4 | NF-κB pathway | Gastric cancer-derived exosomes carry high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), which interacts with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to activate NF-κB and induce neutrophil autophagy, thereby promoting gastric cancer cell migration. | [74] |
Inflammatory bowel disease | ANXA1 | FPR1 and FPR2/ALX | Endogenous annexin A1 (ANXA1) is released as a component of intestinal epithelial EVs that activate wound repair circuits. | [75] |
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Cell line | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma | miR-19b-3p, PTEN, CD103, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, twist | EMT | CSC exosomes transport miR-19b-3p to CCRCC cells and initiate EMT to promote metastasis. CD103 enables tumour to target lung. | [76] |
Osteochondral defects | CD73, IL-1β, TNF-α | AKT, ERK | MSC exosomes achieve osteochondral regeneration through coordinated mobilization of multiple cell types and activation of multiple cellular processes. | [77] |
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Urine | Diabetes | DMBT1 | / | USC-exos may promote angiogenesis by transferring DMBT1 protein. | [78] |
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Breast | Breast cancer | TGFβ2, E-cadherin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), filamentous- (F-) actin, vimentin | EMT | Breast exosomes with high TGFβ2 expression can induce changes in benign and malignant breast epithelial cells. | [79] |
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