Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Antarctic Lichen Umbilicaria antarctica Methanol Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells and Zebrafish Model

Figure 3

Inhibitory effects of UA extract on prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. (a) Cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of UA extract for 1 h prior to incubation with LPS (0.5 μg/mL) for 24 h. The PGE₂ levels in the culture medium were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three independent experiments were performed, and the data are presented as the . and compared to the cells treated with LPS alone. (b) Cells were treated with UA extract for 1 h and then induced with LPS for 6 h. β-Actin expression was used as an internal control for quantitative RT-PCR analysis. (c) Cells were treated with UA extract for 1 h and then induced with LPS for 24 h. Ten cell lysates were prepared, and the COX-2 protein expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. β-Actin expression was used as an internal control for western blots.

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