Comparison of Immune Response between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 Infection, Perspective on Vaccine Design and Development

Figure 2

Schematic diagram of innate immune responses in SARS-CoV and MERS infection. Neutrophils secreted chemoattractant chemokine interleukin- (IL-) 8. IL-8 is an essential role in recruitment, activation, and accumulation of neutrophil in the site of infection and subsequently induces the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs directly cause the inflammation and increase the secretion of IL-8. Dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mф) activated with viruses or their derivatives and produce large amounts of IFN type I and proinflammatory cytokine such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP), and interferon gamma-induced protein 10.