Trend and Sociodemographic Correlates of Cesarean Section Utilization in Nepal: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys 2006-2016
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics and the use of cesarean section from the Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) in 2006, 2011, and 2016.
Characteristics
NDHS 2006
NDHS 2011
NDHS 2016
()
()
()
Frequency
%
Frequency
%
Frequency
%
Maternal age (years)
15-19
368
6.6
381
7.1
391
7.7
20-24
1,931
34.8
1,802
33.4
1,665
32.9
25-29
1,742
31.4
1,736
32.2
1,780
35.2
30-34
785
14.2
845
15.7
806
15.9
35-39
465
8.4
402
7.5
297
5.9
40-44
196
3.5
169
3.1
97
1.9
45-49
58
1.0
57
1.1
24
0.5
Parity
2 or less
3,132
56.5
3,293
61.1
3,472
68.6
3-4
1,459
26.3
1,405
26.1
1,161
22.9
More than 4
954
17.2
693
12.9
427
8.4
Education
No education
3,343
60.3
2,550
47.3
1,733
34.3
Primary
1,009
18.2
1,079
20.0
1,019
20.1
Some secondary
848
15.3
1,039
19.3
1,226
24.2
Secondary and higher
345
6.2
723
13.4
1,082
21.4
Current working status
Working
3,824
69.0
2,961
54.9
2,498
49.4
Not working
1,721
31.0
2,431
45.1
2,562
50.6
Wealth index
Lowest
1,412
25.5
1,390
25.8
1,082
21.4
Second
1,180
21.3
1,182
21.9
1,072
21.2
Middle
1,132
20.4
1,133
21.0
1,121
22.2
Fourth
983
17.7
938
17.4
1,036
20.5
Highest
838
15.1
748
13.9
748
14.8
Residence
Urban
677
12.2
503
9.3
2,730
54.0
Rural
4,868
87.8
4,888
90.7
2,330
46.0
Ecological region
Mountain
483
8.7
428
7.9
361
7.1
Hill
2,261
40.8
2,130
39.5
1,911
37.8
Terai
2,802
50.5
2,833
52.6
2,789
55.1
Province
Province 1
920
16.6
1,135
21.0
819
16.2
Province 2
1,171
21.1
1,146
21.3
1,367
27.0
Bagmati Province
920
16.6
705
13.1
813
16.1
Gandaki Province
571
10.3
589
10.9
388
7.7
Lumbini Province
822
14.8
810
15.0
899
17.8
Karnali Province
341
6.1
401
7.4
338
6.7
Sudhurpaschim Province
800
14.4
605
11.2
437
8.6
Caste/ethnicity
Brahmin/Chhetri
1,639
29.6
1,618
30.0
1,396
27.6
Terai/Madhesi other
685
12.4
558
10.4
1,021
20.2
Dalits
884
15.9
959
17.8
695
13.7
Newar/Janajati
1,934
34.9
1,892
35.1
1,573
31.1
Muslim/other
402
7.3
364
6.7
375
7.4
Place of delivery
Public facility
724
13.1
1,399
26.0
2,183
43.1
Private facility/NGOs
256
4.6
506
9.4
548
10.8
Outside Nepal
NA
NA
NA
NA
171
3.4
Home
4,492
81.0
3,402
63.1
2,096
41.4
Others
73
1.3
85
1.6
61
1.2
Cesarean section
Yes
148
2.7
248
4.6
457
9.0
No
5,397
97.3
5,143
95.4
4,603
91
Cesarean section was determined for the most recent birth of women aged 15-49 years who had a live birth five years preceding the surveys. All percentages are weighted, so the absolute number of participants does not perfectly correspond to percentages. NA: not available.
