Trend and Sociodemographic Correlates of Cesarean Section Utilization in Nepal: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys 2006-2016
Table 4
Multivariable regression analysis of cesarean section (CS) from the Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHS) in 2006, 2011, and 2016.
Characteristics
NDHS 2006
NDHS 2011
NDHS 2016
0R (95% CI)
0R (95% CI)
0R (95% CI)
Education
No education
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Primary
1.0 (0.5-2.1)
1.6 (0.8-3.1)
0.7 (0.4-1.1)
Some secondary
0.5 (0.2-1.1)
1.5 (0.8-3.0)
0.6 (0.3-1.1)
Secondary and higher
0.6 (0.2-1.5)
1.4 (0.6-3.0)
0.7 (0.4-1.6)
Current working status
Working
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Not working
2.1 (1.3-3.5)
1.5 (0.8-3.0)
1.1 (0.8-1.4)
Wealth index
Lowest
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Second
0.2 (0.0-1.1)
0.3 (0.1-1.2)
1.0 (0.5-1.9)
Middle
0.3 (0.1-1.5)
0.9 (0.3-2.7)
1.1 (0.6-2.2)
Fourth
0.3 (0.1-1.8)
0.6 (0.2-1.8)
1.1 (0.6-2.0)
Highest
1.1 (0.2-6.3)
0.5 (0.2-1.6)
3.3 (1.6-7.0)
Residence
Urban
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Rural
1.3 (0.7-2.3)
0.5 (0.3-0.8)
1.2 (0.9-1.6)
Ecological region
Mountain
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Hill
0.9 (0.2-4.4)
1.0 (0.5-1.9)
1.5 (0.7-3.2)
Terai
1.0 (0.2-6.1)
1.5 (0.7-3.1)
1.6 (0.7-3.6)
Province
Province 1
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Province 2
1.7 (0.6-4.7)
1.1 (0.5-2.2)
0.4 (0.2-0.8)
Bagmati Province
1.2 (0.5-3.2)
1.9 (1.1-3.4)
1.1 (0.7-1.9)
Gandaki Province
0.7 (0.1-3.9)
1.0 (0.5-1.8)
1.7 (1.1-2.8)
Lumbini Province
1.7 (0.7-4.2)
0.8 (0.4-1.6)
0.4 (0.3-0.7)
Karnali Province
0.7 (0.2-3.0)
0.7 (0.2-2.8)
0.5 (0.2-1.1)
Sudhurpaschim Province
0.7 (0.2-2.5)
0.5 (0.3-1.2)
0.4 (0.2-0.7)
Caste/ethnicity
Brahmin/Chhetri
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Terai/Madhesi other
0.6 (0.2-1.7)
0.9 (0.4-2.0)
1.9 (1.0-3.6)
Dalits
1.1 (0.5-2.8)
0.7 (0.4-1.4)
1.3 (0.8-2.2)
Newar/Janajati
0.6 (0.3-1.2)
0.6 (0.4-0.9)
1.1 (0.8-1.5)
Muslim/other
0.3 (0.1-1.1)
0.7 (0.2-1.9)
1.1 (0.6-2.1)
Place of delivery#
Public facility
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Private facility/NGOs
1.5 (0.9-2.8)
3.2 (2.2-4.6)
3.6 (2.7-4.9)
Outside Nepal
NA
NA
0.1 (0.0-2.5)
#Home deliveries were excluded from the analysis. Cesarean section was determined for the most recent birth of women aged 15-49 years who had a live birth five years preceding the surveys. Each variable in the model has been adjusted by all the given variables in this table including age and parity. NA: not available. ,, and .
