Dilation of Brain Veins and Perivascular Infiltration by Glioblastoma Cells in an In Vivo Assay of Early Tumor Angiogenesis

Table 1

Literature review on angiogenesis in glioma models using the cranial window method.

Author, year	Model	Microscopy	Findings
Yuan, [24]	U87 and HGL21 xenograft, SCID mice	Intravital fluorescence microscopy	U87: vessel diameter between days 12 and 18; HGL21: vessel diameter .; Vessel permeability high in U87, low in HGL21.
Foltz, [25]	Xenograft of human D-54 and D-317 anaplastic astrocytoma, nude rats	Light microscopy with epifluorescence	D-54 MG: vessel diameter; D-317 MG: vascular proliferation; vessel diameter
Fukumura, [26]	HGL21 xenograft, SCID mice	Intravital fluorescence microscopy	Average vessel diameter 10 μm at 2 weeks. No specific morphologic observations.
Yuan, [27]	U87 xenografts, SCID mice	Intravital fluorescence microscopy	Tumor vascular permeability
Hobbs, [28]	U87 xenografts, SCID mice	Intravital fluorescence microscopy	U87: significant vasculature by 14-20 days
Monsky, [29]	HGL-21, SCID mice	Intravital fluorescence microscopy	Microvascular permeability to albumin ranging between and
Vajkoczy, [30]	C6 xenografts, nude mice	Intravital epifluorescence video microscopy and multiphoton laser confocal microscopy	Day 3: sprouting, chaotic and heterogeneous neovasculature with large-caliber vessels and sluggish blood flow vessel diameters: 12 μm (day 3), 20 μm (day 14).; Blood-brain barrier: lost
Winkler, [31]	U87 xenografts, nude mice	Dynamic multiphoton laser scanning microscopy	Tumor vessel diameter about 1.5 μm for 2-2.5 mm tumors.
Farhadi, [32]	C6 xenograft, nude mice	Intravital multifluorescence video microscopy	Day 3: microvascular sprouts from capillaries and venules, microvascular networks; Day 10: vascularization of glioma by vessels with heterogeneous and chaotic angioarchitecture.
di Tomaso, [33]	U87 xenograft, nude mice	Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy	Day 15: vessels are larger than normal brain with
Winkler, [34]	GL261 graft, nude mice	Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy	Formation of capillary structures (glomeruloid bodies) in proximity to moving glioma cells
Kamoun, [35]	U87 xenografts, nude mice	Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy	Vessel permeability , vessel diameter 14 μm
Campos, [36]	GSC xenografts, SCID mice	Intravital fluorescence microscope	Neovascularization with dilated, tortuous capillaries in the tumor periphery.
Farrar, [37]	U87 xenograft, nude mice	Multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy	Vessel diameter of for tumors with diameter
Rege, [38]	9 L allograft rats	Laser speckle contrast imaging	Day 14 MVD values of
von Baumgarten, [39]	U87, nude mice	Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy	Days 6-12: vascular remodeling with enlargement of preexisting brain capillaries; Day 12: tumor diameter of 0.9-1.2 mm, new vessel formation diameter of 25 μm.
Zhang, [40]	NA	In vivo two-photon imaging	No specific morphologic observations.
Ricard, [41]	U87, nude mice	Two-photon microscopy	Vascular remodeling, tumor vessels dense, tortuous and swollen, no correlation between tumor cell and vascular density
Ricard, [42]	GL261 graft, syngenic mice	Two-photon fluorescent microscopy	Vascular remodeling during tumor growth.
Takano, [43]	U87 xenografts, SCID mice	Fluorescence microscopy	Day 7: tortuous vessels with decreased velocity, leukocyte adhesion and rolling
Ricard, [44]	GL261 graft, syngenic mice	Two-photon microscopy	Vascular remodeling in tumor core
Mathivet, [45]	CT2A GL261 graft, C57Bl6 mouse	High-resolution two-photon microscopy	2 weeks: sprouting with normal caliber vessels and branching; 5 weeks: reduced branching with increased vessel diameter; Recruitment of M1-like macrophages in the early stages and M2-like macrophages producing VEGF-A in perivascular areas
Uhl, [46]	SF126 xenograft, nude mice	Intravital microscopy	Days 12-16: total vessel density 150 cm/cm^2, functional vessel density 125 cm/cm^2, vessel diameter 17 μm