Author, year Model Microscopy Findings Yuan, [24 ] U87 and HGL21 xenograft, SCID mice Intravital fluorescence microscopy U87: vessel diameter between days 12 and 18 HGL21: vessel diameter . Vessel permeability high in U87, low in HGL21. Foltz, [25 ] Xenograft of human D-54 and D-317 anaplastic astrocytoma, nude rats Light microscopy with epifluorescence D-54 MG: vessel diameter D-317 MG: vascular proliferation; vessel diameter Fukumura, [26 ] HGL21 xenograft, SCID mice Intravital fluorescence microscopy Average vessel diameter 10 μ m at 2 weeks. No specific morphologic observations. Yuan, [27 ] U87 xenografts, SCID mice Intravital fluorescence microscopy Tumor vascular permeability Hobbs, [28 ] U87 xenografts, SCID mice Intravital fluorescence microscopy U87: significant vasculature by 14-20 days Monsky, [29 ] HGL-21, SCID mice Intravital fluorescence microscopy Microvascular permeability to albumin ranging between and Vajkoczy, [30 ] C6 xenografts, nude mice Intravital epifluorescence video microscopy and multiphoton laser confocal microscopy Day 3: sprouting, chaotic and heterogeneous neovasculature with large-caliber vessels and sluggish blood flow vessel diameters: 12 μ m (day 3), 20 μ m (day 14). Blood-brain barrier: lost Winkler, [31 ] U87 xenografts, nude mice Dynamic multiphoton laser scanning microscopy Tumor vessel diameter about 1.5 μ m for 2-2.5 mm tumors. Farhadi, [32 ] C6 xenograft, nude mice Intravital multifluorescence video microscopy Day 3: microvascular sprouts from capillaries and venules, microvascular networks Day 10: vascularization of glioma by vessels with heterogeneous and chaotic angioarchitecture. di Tomaso, [33 ] U87 xenograft, nude mice Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy Day 15: vessels are larger than normal brain with Winkler, [34 ] GL261 graft, nude mice Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy Formation of capillary structures (glomeruloid bodies) in proximity to moving glioma cells Kamoun, [35 ] U87 xenografts, nude mice Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy Vessel permeability , vessel diameter 14 μ m Campos, [36 ] GSC xenografts, SCID mice Intravital fluorescence microscope Neovascularization with dilated, tortuous capillaries in the tumor periphery. Farrar, [37 ] U87 xenograft, nude mice Multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy Vessel diameter of for tumors with diameter Rege, [38 ] 9 L allograft rats Laser speckle contrast imaging Day 14 MVD values of von Baumgarten, [39 ] U87, nude mice Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy Days 6-12: vascular remodeling with enlargement of preexisting brain capillaries Day 12: tumor diameter of 0.9-1.2 mm, new vessel formation diameter of 25 μ m. Zhang, [40 ] NA In vivo two-photon imaging No specific morphologic observations. Ricard, [41 ] U87, nude mice Two-photon microscopy Vascular remodeling, tumor vessels dense, tortuous and swollen, no correlation between tumor cell and vascular density Ricard, [42 ] GL261 graft, syngenic mice Two-photon fluorescent microscopy Vascular remodeling during tumor growth. Takano, [43 ] U87 xenografts, SCID mice Fluorescence microscopy Day 7: tortuous vessels with decreased velocity, leukocyte adhesion and rolling Ricard, [44 ] GL261 graft, syngenic mice Two-photon microscopy Vascular remodeling in tumor core Mathivet, [45 ] CT2A GL261 graft, C57Bl6 mouse High-resolution two-photon microscopy 2 weeks: sprouting with normal caliber vessels and branching 5 weeks: reduced branching with increased vessel diameter Recruitment of M1-like macrophages in the early stages and M2-like macrophages producing VEGF-A in perivascular areas Uhl, [46 ] SF126 xenograft, nude mice Intravital microscopy Days 12-16: total vessel density 150 cm/cm2 , functional vessel density 125 cm/cm2 , vessel diameter 17 μ m