Peripheral Inflammatory Cytokines and Lymphocyte Subset Features of Deceased COVID-19 Patients

Table 1

Laboratory findings of deceased patients with COVID-19 on admission.

Biomarker	Normal range	Median (IQR)			value
		All patients (254)	Survivors (203)	Nonsurvivors (51)
Leucocytes, ×10^9/L	3.5-9.5	6.20 (4.81-8.93)	5.87 (4.64-7.27)	10.66 (6.29-13.4)	<0.001
	Increased	56 (22.0%)	26 (12.8%)	30 (58.8%)	<0.001
	Decreased	14 (5.5%)	12 (5.9%)	2 (3.9%)
Neutrophils, ×10^9/L	1.8-6.3	4.38 (3.17-7.26)	3.96 (2.80-5.31)	9.48 (5.87-12.59)	<0.001
	Increased	75 (29.5%)	37 (18.2%)	38 (74.5%)	<0.001
	Decreased	10 (3.9%)	9 (4.4%)	1 (2.0%)
Lymphocytes, ×10^9/L	1.1-3.2	0.96 (0.64-1.40)	1.09 (0.74-1.51)	0.56 (0.43-0.73)	<0.001
	Decreased	151 (59.4%)	102 (50.2%)	49 (96.1%)	<0.001
NLR	1.6-5.7	4.8 (2.3-9.6)	3.7 (2.0-6.1)	15.3 (9.6-26.9)	<0.001
	Decreased	24 (9.4%)	24 (11.8%)	—	0.003
	Increased	106 (41.7%)	57 (28.1%)	49 (96.1%)
Monocyte, ×10^9/L	0.1-0.6	0.49 (0.36-0.63)	0.51 (0.40-0.64)	0.37 (0.28-0.59)	0.002
Platelets, mean (SD), ×10^9/L	125-350				<0.001
	Increased	31 (12.2%)	30 (14.8%)	1 (2.0%)	<0.001
	Decreased	38 (15.0%)	21 (10.3%)	17 (33.3%)
ESR, mm/H	0-20 mm/H	40 (18.5-64.0)	41 (20-66)	36 (15-63)	0.299
Glu, mmol/L	4.11-6.05	6.13 (5.29-8.07)	5.83 (5.16-7.20)	8.99 (6.65-11.77)	<0.001
NT-proBNP, pg/mL	<738	244 (96.2-849.8)	192 (74-540)	1235 (601-4390)	<0.001
PCT, ng/mL	0.02-0.05	0.06 (0.03-0.16)	0.04 (0.03-0.10)	0.22 (0.12-1.01)	<0.001
cTnI, pg/mL	≤15.6	6.6 (2.5-24.2)	4.5 (2.2-11.9)	94.7 (22.0-908.7)	<0.001
Myoglobin, ng/mL	≤106	56.2 (34.1-119.7)	48.6 (31.2-89.4)	160.0 (82.6-442.9)	<0.001
CK-MB, ng/mL	≤3.4	0.8 (0.5-1.8)	0.7 (0.4-1.4)	2.8 (1.4-7.4)	<0.001
Blood biochemistry
ALT, U/mL	≤33	24.5 (15.8-42.0)	23 (15-40)	29 (19-50)	0.023
AST, U/mL	≤32	26.0 (19.0-45.0)	24 (18-37)	47 (30-79)	<0.001
TP, g/L	64-83	68.6 (64.4-72.8)	69.3 (65.4-73.6)	63.8 (56.9-70.5)	<0.001
Albumin, g/L	35-53	33.2 (30.5-37.5)	34.6 (31.4-38.1)	29.7 (25.3-32.5)	<0.001
Globulin, U/mL	25-35	34.1 (30.6-38.1)	34.0 (31.4-38.1)	34.3 (31.3-38.6)	0.946
TBIL, μmol/L	≤2	10.5 (7.2-14.6)	9.5 (7.0-13.9)	14.0 (9.6-19.2)	<0.001
DBIL, μmol/L	≤8	4.4 (3.1-6.6)	4.1 (3.0-5.7)	6.2 (4.4-10.2)	<0.001
IBIL, μmol/L	≤12.9	5.4 (4.1-8.2)	5.2 (3.9-7.9)	6.5 (4.5-9.2)	0.046
ALP, U/L	35-105	71 (55-93)	67 (55-87)	84 (58-122)	0.003
GGT, U/L	6-42	30 (19-54.5)	29 (18-52)	40 (20-81)	0.046
TC, mmol/L	<5.18	3.77 (3.12-4.41)	3.9 (3.3-4.5)	3.2 (2.7-3.9)	<0.001
LDH, U/L	135-214	292.5 (227.8-453.0)	265 (214-351)	532 (469-760)	<0.001
Creatinine, μmol/L	45-85	74 (60-92.5)	71 (59-88)	88 (69-160)	<0.001
CRP, mg/L	<1	28.1 (4.8-92.5)	13.8 (2.5-61)	102.9 (62.5-187.1)	<0.001
	Increased	216 (85.0%)	165 (86.8%)	51 (100.0%)	0.003
Coagulation function
PT, s	11.5-14.5	14.0 (13.4-14.9)	13.8 (13.2-14.3)	15.5 (14.6-18.1)	<0.001
INR	0.8-1.2	1.08 (1.01-1.17)	1.05 (0.99-1.11)	1.22 (1.14-1.47)	<0.001
Fibrinogen, g/L	2-4	5.00 (3.42-6.08)	5.08 (3.71-6.13)	3.92 (2.61-5.82)	0.004
APTT, s	29-42	39.1 (36.1-43.4)	39 (36.2-43.0)	39.1 (35.7-45.1)	0.984
D-dimer, U/mL FEU	<0.5	1.46 (0.57-4.05)	1.18 (0.48-2.18)	15.01 (1.77-21.00)	<0.001
Urine routine
Urine protein, n/ (%)	—	123/225 (54.7%)	84/185 (45.4%)	39/40 (97.5%)	<0.001
USG, n, median (IQR)	1.01-1.025	225, 1.016 (1.012-1.022)	185, 1.015 (1.011-1.020)	40, 1.021 (1.018-1.028)	<0.001
pH, n, median (IQR)	4.5-8.0	225, 6.5 (6.0-6.5)	185, 6.5 (6.0-6.75)	40, 6.0 (6.0-6.5)	0.039
KET, n/ (%)	—	37/225 (16.4%)	18/185 (9.7%)	19/40 (47.5%)	<0.001
URO, n/ (%)	—	12/225 (5.3%)	6/185 (3.2%)	6/40 (15.0%)	0.009
Arterial blood gas
pH, , median (IQR)	7.35-7.45	77, 7.42 (7.39-7.46)	58, 7.41 (7.39-7.45)	19, 7.42 (7.38-7.48)	0.382
PaCO2, mmHg	35-45	76, 38.8 (34.4-43.2)	57, 40.7 (37.4-43.7)	19, 31.9 (25.3-37.4)	<0.001
PaO2, mmHg	80-100	76, 117 (78.5-174.8)	57, 134 (87.2-187)	19, 68 (51.7-121)	<0.001
SB, mmol/L	21-25	75, 25.3 (23.5-27.2)	56, 25.4 (23.9-27.3)	19, 22.2 (19.0-25.3)	0.001
BE, mmol/L	-3-3	76, 0.8 (-1.3-3.2)	57, 1.3 (-0.5-3.3)	19, -3.9 (-8.1-0.2)	0.001
TCO2, mmol/L	24-32	75, 22.5 (20.2-24.2)	56, 23.0 (21.4-24.4)	19, 17.8 (16.0-22.5)	0.001
SaO2, , median (IQR)	91.9-99%	76, 98.6 (94.0-99.6)	57, 99.1 (97.2-99.6)	19, 89.8 (85.1-97.5)	<0.001

NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Glu: glucose; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; TP: total protein; TBIL: total bilirubin; DBIL: direct bilirubin; IBIL: indirect bilirubin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; TC: total cholesterol; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C-reactive protein; NT-proBNP: N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; PCT: procalcitonin; cTnI: cardiac troponin I; CK-MB: creatine kinase-M; PT: prothrombin time; INR: international normalized ratio; APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; USG: urine specific gravity; KET: urine ketone body; URO: urobilinogen; PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PaO2: arterial partial pressure of oxygen; SB: standard bicarbonate; BE: base excess of extracellular fluid; TCO2: total carbon dioxide; SaO2: oxygen saturation; : number of patients; IQR: interquartile range.