Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Baseline of characteristics of studies.

Author	Country	Study	HCQ group	Control group	Age (E/C) (year)	Male (E/C) (%)	Baseline proteinuria level (E/C) (g/d)	Percentage reduction in proteinuria	Median proteinuria level at 6 months (g/d)	NOS
Yang et al. 2019 [10]	China	Retrospective case-control	HCQ (0.2 g twice daily for /min/1.73 m^2; 0.1 g twice or thrice daily for eGFR 30-45 ml/min/1.73 m^2; 0.1 g once daily for eGFR 15-30 ml/min/1.73 m^2)	Corticosteroid	vs.	50% vs. 50%	1.7 (1.2, 2.3) vs. 1.8 (1.3, 2.5)	2 months; −28.0% (−50.8, −6.4) vs. -29.8% (−56.8, 12.9); 4 months; −42.6% (−60.6, −25.0) vs. -42.3% (−72.1, −20.4); 6 months; −48.5% (−62.6, −31.4) vs. -62.9% (−81.1, −34.9)	0.8 (0.6, 1.1) vs. 0.7 (0.3, 1.1)	6
Tang et al. 2020 [15]	China	Retrospective case-control	HCQ+IS (HCQ: 0.2 g twice daily for /min/1.73 m^2; 0.1 g twice or thrice daily for eGFR 30-60 ml/min/1.73 m^2; 0.1 g once daily for eGFR 15-30 ml/min/1.73 m^2)	Conventional IS	vs.	34.6% vs. 38.5%	2.35 (1.47, 2.98) vs. 2.35 (1.54, 2.98)	2 months; −40.17% (−48.71, −20.88) vs. −13.4% (−61.66,42.97); 4 months; −33.62% (−49.15, −13.95) vs. −30.43% (−64.4, 0.00); 6 months; −39.81% (−66.26, −12.37) vs. −31.99% (−67.08, −9.14)	1.10 (0.85, 1.61) vs. 1.24 (0.87, 2.58)	6
Liu et al. 2019 [9]	China	Randomized clinical trail	HCQ+RAASi (HCQ: 0.2 g twice daily for /min/1.73 m^2; 0.1 g thrice daily for eGFR 45-60 ml/min/1.73 m^2; 0.1 g twice daily for eGFR 30-45 ml/min/1.73 m^2)	Placebo+RAASi	vs.	63% vs. 67%	1.6 (1.1, 2.2) vs. 1.9 (1.3, 2.6)	2 months; −28.4% (−46.4, −11.4) vs. −1.4% (−29.2, 31.9); 4 months; −38.0% (−58.4, −26.5) vs. −3.5% (−30.6, 29.2); 6 months; −48.4% (−64.2, −30.5) vs. 10.0% (−38.7, 30.6)	0.9 (0.6, 1.0) vs. 1.9 (0.9, 2.6)
Yang et al. 2018 [16]	China	Retrospective case-control	HCQ+RAASi	RAASi	vs.	48.9% vs. 47.8%	1.5 (1.2, 2.1) vs. 1.5 (1.2, 1.9)	6 months; –43% (–57, –12) vs. –19%; (–46, 17)	0.8 (0.7, 1.2) vs. 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)	6
Tang et al. 2021 [17]	China	Retrospective	HCQ+RAASi (HCQ: 0.2 g twice daily for /min/1.73 m^2; 0.1 g thrice daily for eGFR 45-60 ml/min/1.73 m^2; 0.1 g twice daily for eGFR 30-45 ml/min/1.73 m^2; 0.1 g once daily for /min/1.73 m^2)	RAASi	vs.	49.4% vs. 35.3%	1.55 (1.16, 2.23) vs. 1.56 (0.98, 2.37)	12 months; −38.24% (−54.45, −14.26) vs. −52.05% (−81.87, −27.86); 24 months; −35.69% (−70.33, −2.36) vs. −74.12%; (−82.51, −58.30)		7

HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; E/C: experimental group/control group; RAASi: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition; IS: immunosuppressive agent.