Research Article
The Normative Study of Acoustic and Aerodynamic Characteristics of Voice among Healthy Adult Turkish Speaker Population
Table 3
Complied norms for each protocol.
(a) Vital capacity |
| | Protocol parameter | 18–39 y () | 40–59 y () | 60–87 y () | | Vital capacity | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max |
| | Female | | | | | | | | Expiratory airflow duration (s) | 6.15(2.39) | 2.41-13.57 | 6.42 (2.88) | 2.40-14.26 | 5.57 (1.83) | 2.07-9.31 | | Peak expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.94 (0.62) | 0.27-3.18 | 1.16 (0.96) | 0.29-5.15 | 1.18 (0.73) | 0.30-3.78 | | Expiratory volume (L) | 2.42 (0.63) | 1.03-3.58 | 2.21 (0.61) | 0.91-3.66 | 1.70 (0.55) | 0.86-2.92 |
| | Male | | | | | | | | Expiratory airflow duration (s) | 7.91 (3.21) | 3.22-14.73 | 7.27 (3.09) | 2.40-14.71 | 7.12 (1.65) | 1.65-13.50 | | Peak expiratory airflow (L/s) | 1.43 (1.02) | 0.17-5.19 | 1.93 (1.35) | 0.28-6.71 | 1.59 (0.91) | 0.28-3.42 | | Expiratory volume (L) | 3.83 (1) | 1.63-6.04 | 3.35 (0.86) | 1.05-5.20 | 2.59 (0.87) | 0.68-4.11 |
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(b) Maximum sustained phonation |
| | Protocol parameter | 18–39 y () | 40–59 y () | 60–87 y () | | Maximum sustained phonation | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max |
| | Female | | | | | | | | Maximum SPL (dB) | 99.50 (4.98) | 91.68–112.26 | 101.17 (5.33) | 93.43-112.71 | 100.78 (4.23) | 94.09-110.36 | | Minimum SPL (dB) | 68.05 (12.56) | 44.85-88.43 | 63.86 (11.96) | 46.78-92.70 | 56.18 (11.77) | 42.58-85.43 | | Mean SPL (dB) | 94.47 (5.02) | 86.82-105.39 | 95.35 (5.20) | 87.66-105.86 | 94.06 (4.76) | 84.78-103.17 | | SPL range (dB) | 31.44 (12.68) | 6.4-60.7 | 37.25 (12.31) | 12.94-61.53 | 44.64 (12.69) | 12.46-63.43 | | Mean SPL during voicing (dB) | 94.75 (4.99) | 86.91-106.28 | 95.34 (7.43) | 64.75-108.42 | 95.09 (4.63) | 85.44-103.56 | | Mean pitch (Hz) | 222.47 (22.33) | 161.99-260.87 | 222.64 (27.76) | 155.93-257.32 | 202.39 (29.15) | 142.21-245.33 | | Phonation time (s) | 17.53 (4.87) | 6.88-29.56 | 16.51 (5.52) | 7.45-27.64 | 14.26 (4.23) | 8.58-23.03 | | Peak expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.21 (0.10) | 0.03-0.6 | 0.34 (0.22) | 0.08-1.01 | 0.25 (0.11) | 0.01-0.47 | | Mean expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.02-0.2 | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.05-0.23 | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.0067-0.21 | | Expiratory volume (L) | 1.77 (0.77) | 0.31-3.31 | 1.81 (0.59) | 0.59-2.89 | 1.37 (0.56) | 0.06-2.28 |
| | Male | | | | | | | | Maximum SPL (dB) | 99.28 (3.25) | 91.89-105.47 | 102.05 (5.44) | 91.94-112.37 | 101.35 (4.62) | 90.59-107.38 | | Minimum SPL (dB) | 62.18 (14.04) | 43.09-90.14 | 58.80 (12.17) | 42.98-83.55 | 61.76 (10.09) | 46.02-81.35 | | Mean SPL (dB) | 93.53 (3.27) | 84.17-101.32 | 96.55 (5.46) | 85.01-108.18 | 94.14 (7.60) | 74.32-103.92 | | SPL range (dB) | 37.13 (14.66) | 8.44-59.42 | 43.24 (11.48) | 11.31-61.49 | 39.59 (9.10) | 20.85-57.46 | | Mean SPL during voicing (dB) | 93.93 (3.30) | 84.63-101.49 | 97.30 (5.31) | 86.71-108.47 | 94.72 (7.19) | 77.51-103.99 | | Mean pitch (Hz) | 131.19 (18.67) | 100.81-171.67 | 148.74 (27.90) | 107.42-210.70 | 158.48 (39.17) | 97.52-255.04 | | Phonation time (Sn) | 22.75 (5.07) | 11.59-29.58 | 18.45 (6.19) | 6.29-29.74 | 17.00 (5.89) | 6.11-29.44 | | Peak expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.34 (0.15) | 0.08-0.95 | 0.49 (0.52) | 0.06-2.76 | 0.43 (0.50) | 0.05-2.98 | | Mean expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.04-0.26 | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.02-0.32 | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.01-0.26 | | Expiratory volume (L) | 3.28 (1.04) | 0.97-5.08 | 2.84 (1.07) | 0.50-5.03 | 2.32 (1.03) | 0.14-3.56 |
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(c) Comfortable sustained phonation |
| | Protocol parameter | 18–39 y () | 40–59 y () | 60–87 y () | | Comfortable sustained phonation | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max |
| | Female | | | | | | | | Maximum SPL (dB) | 97.28 (5.03) | 89.44-107.59 | 98.23 (5.52) | 87.99–109.99 | 98.68 (5.04) | 90.67-111.03 | | Minimum SPL (dB) | 92.78 (5.11) | 83.45-103.22 | 93.31 (5.37) | 84.36-102.84 | 93.09 (4.92) | 84.21-104.69 | | Mean SPL (dB) | 95.04 (5.02) | 86.13-105.60 | 95.84 (5.32) | 86.13-105.68 | 95.95 (4.97) | 88.56-108.00 | | SPL range (dB) | 4.51 (1.37) | 1.79-8.23 | 4.92 (2.31) | 2.05-13.53 | 5.69 (2.28) | 3.00-13.17 | | Mean pitch (Hz) | 227.80 (22.52) | 173.99-255.92 | 226.20 (27.58) | 166.46-259.64 | 206.68 (29.16) | 141.07-255.75 | | Phonation time (s) | 5.00 (0.00) | 6.83–8.58 | 5.00 (0.00) | 6.95-8.92 | 5.00 (0.00) | 6.51–7.52 | | Peak expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.03-0.34 | 0.17 (0.07) | 0.05-0.40 | 0.15 (0.07) | 0.01-0.39 | | Mean expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.02-0.28 | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.03-0.29 | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.0067-0.20 | | Expiratory volume (L) | 0.60 (0.27) | 0.12-1.42 | 0.64 (0.29) | 0.17-1.49 | 0.56 (0.27) | 0.03-1.03 |
| | Male | | | | | | | | Maximum SPL (dB) | 97.79 (4.45) | 86.28-108.37 | 100.57 (5.83) | 88.60-114.89 | 99.14 (5.33) | 87.06-108.31 | | Minimum SPL (dB) | 92.50 (5.61) | 80.82–103.90 | 95.35 (8.37) | 64.22-112.35 | 92.75 (9.89) | 57.36-104.37 | | Mean SPL (dB) | 95.49 (4.51) | 83.46-106.15 | 98.19 (6.10) | 86.50-113.95 | 96.00 (7.12) | 77.93-106.19 | | SPL range (dB) | 5.32 (2.48) | 2.40-13.13 | 5.22 (6.53) | 2.39-42.28 | 6.50 (6.27) | 2.19-36.95 | | Mean pitch (Hz) | 130.33 (18.01) | 101.39-169.45 | 147.87 (33.02) | 102.70-225.23 | 155.83 (45.89) | 82.70-261.63 | | Phonation time (s) | 5.00 (0.00) | 6.83–7.68 | 5.00 (0.00) | 7.01–8.15 | 5.00 (0.00) | 6.35–7.45 | | Peak expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.227 (0.08) | 0.05-0.38 | 0.33 (0.57) | 0.03-3.57 | 0.40 (0.94) | 0.07-5.37 | | Mean expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.03-0.31 | 0.18 (0.09) | 0.02-0.41 | 0.16 (0.08) | 0.04-0.35 | | Expiratory volume (L) | 0.83 (0.35) | 0.17-1.58 | 0.92 (0.45) | 0.13-2.05 | 0.82 (0.41) | 0.21-1.76 |
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(d) Variation in sound pressure level |
| | Protocol parameter | 18–39 y () | 40–59 y () | 60–87 y () | | Variation in sound pressure level | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max |
| | Female | | | | | | | | Maximum SPL (dB) | 106.01 (4.35) | 96.90-113.21 | 108.14 (4.35) | 97.36-114.27 | 107.72 (3.84) | 99.12-113.74 | | Minimum SPL (dB) | 83.20 (6.92) | 63.06-91.81 | 84.97 (6.83) | 64.70-93.59 | 85.83 (10.26) | 63.42-100.04 | | Mean SPL (dB) | 95.12 (4.27) | 87.02-103.85 | 97.54 (3.67) | 90.28-104.31 | 98.00 (3.85) | 88.21-104.32 | | SPL range (dB) | 22.72 (6.62) | 11.92-41.28 | 22.98 (8.62) | 9.90-46.54 | 21.77 (9.82) | 6.93-47.72 | | Mean pitch (Hz) | 221.96 (19.28) | 181.99-249.51 | 211.76 (16.35) | 182.79-241.59 | 202.92 (20.82) | 163.04-249.19 | | Pitch range (Hz) | 90.97 (40.59) | 31.06-173.36 | 106.76 (35.01) | 47.14-163.35 | 91.15 (36.12) | 27.51-179.06 | | Target airflow (L/s) | 0.11 (0.05) | 0.01-0.22 | 0.14 (0.05) | 0.03-0.30 | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.0067-0.24 |
| | Male | | | | | | | | Maximum SPL (dB) | 107.38 (4.58) | 90.17-114.47 | 107.22 (6.99) | 75.85-115.25 | 108.80 (4.08) | 100.33-114.17 | | Minimum SPL (dB) | 86.87 (5.63) | 62.35-96.93 | 85.05 (11.60) | 61.65-99.02 | 90.73 (5.92) | 75.48-99.41 | | Mean SPL (dB) | 97.39 (5.67) | 76.41-107.60 | 99.11 (5.42) | 84.40-109.22 | 100.61 (4.86) | 88.34-108.12 | | SPL range (dB) | 20.64 (6.28) | 10.61-45.55 | 23.09 (10.26) | 9.96-43.86 | 18.06 (4.95) | 6.85-32.87 | | Mean pitch (Hz) | 139.04 (21.71) | 110.99-191.94 | 149.15 (23.64) | 105.36-198.93 | 162.40 (29.01) | 114.39-211.05 | | Pitch range (Hz) | 61.00 (32.26) | 10.76-134.33 | 80.08 (36.12) | 15.15-168.20 | 82.59 (35.71) | 25.07-195.33 | | Target airflow (L/s) | 0.23 (0.10) | 0.03-0.43 | 0.26 (0.11) | 0.07-0.53 | 0.22 (0.11) | 0.02-0.43 |
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(e) Voicing efficiency |
| | Protocol parameter | 18–39 y () | 40–59 y () | 60–87 y () | | Voicing efficiency | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max |
| | Female | | | | | | | | Maximum SPL (dB) | 98.13 (5.0) | 89.85-109.47 | 99.92 (5.66) | 90.71-111.52 | 99.84 (5.16) | 90.31-111.37 | | Mean SPL (dB) | 94.70 (4.53) | 87.70-104.52 | 96.67 (5.37) | 88.17-107.73 | 96.43 (5.07) | 87.26-107.75 | | Mean SPL during voicing (dB) | 94.87 (4.48) | 87.70-104.47 | 96.69 (5.32) | 88.17-107.73 | 96.46 (5.06) | 87.29-107.74 | | Mean pitch (Hz) | 217.44 (24.14) | 162.73-262.45 | 214.83 (28.45) | 145.61–252.34 | 194.00 (25.84) | 154.93-244.84 | | Pitch range (Hz) | 32.95 (25.70) | 8.38-98.25 | 33.26 (32.53) | 10.31-154.53 | 34.54 (30.11) | 9.19-134.60 | | Expiratory airflow duration (s) | 0.91 (0.30) | 0.39-1.85 | 1.08 (0.24) | 0.55-1.67 | 1.19 (0.30) | 0.69-1.79 | | Peak air pressure (cm H2O) | 9.47 (3.57) | 4.95-22.81 | 10.61 (3.45) | 6.03-20.93 | 10.87 (2.87) | 6.49-17.83 | | Mean peak air pressure (cm H2O) | 7.67 (2.33) | 3.81-14.92 | 8.39 (2.56) | 4.95-15.53 | 8.88 (2.43) | 5.10-15.05 | | Peak expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.03-0.51 | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.06-0.34 | 0.15 (0.08) | 0.01-0.32 | | Target airflow (L/s) | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.01-0.26 | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.04-0.22 | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.0033-0.24 | | Expiratory volume (L) | 0.08 (0.05) | 0.01-2.26 | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.03-0.30 | 0.13 (0.10) | 0.0033-0.36 | | Mean airflow during voicing (L/s) | 0.09 (0.04) | 0.01-0.27 | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.03-0.21 | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.0033-0.24 | | Aerodynamic power (W) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.01-0.37 | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.03-0.22 | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.0047-0.23 | | Aerodynamic resistance (cm H2O/L/Sn) | 130.38 (142.60) | 36.75-756.10 | 87.83 (52.89) | 25.75-229.71 | 380.36 (692.39) | 35.86-3167.15 | | Acoustic ohms (dyne s cm5) | 132.96 (145.43) | 37.48-771.06 | 89.53 (53.71) | 26.26-234.26 | 389.02 (705.74) | 36.56-3229.80 | | Aerodynamic efficiency (dyne s cm5) | 22325.21 (59863.48) | 299–385353 | 16485.89 (20175.95) | 882.02-84885.30 | 49606.61 (112786.19) | 1198.12-533250.63 |
| | Male | | | | | | | | Maximum SPL (dB) | 97.85 (4.40) | 85.55-106.57 | 100.85 (5.88) | 90.23-111.63 | 100.18 (5.11) | 84.01-110.85 | | Mean SPL (dB) | 94.73 (4.57) | 81.82-103.25 | 97.63 (6.83) | 78.23-109.04 | 96.82 (5.15) | 80.36-105.87 | | Mean SPL during voicing (dB) | 94.82 (4.50) | 81.82-103.25 | 97.85 (6.55) | 82.81-109.04 | 99.53 (17.10) | 80.38-186.33 | | Mean pitch (Hz) | 123.03 (14.69) | 98.04-154.05 | 137.22 (24.85) | 94.77-201.48 | 149.709 (28.96) | 103.40–215.93 | | Pitch range (Hz) | 14.63 (15.14) | 4.86-93.16 | 16.01 (9.89) | 4.65-60.54 | 21.58 (12.68) | 9.29-62.20 | | Expiratory airflow duration (Sn) | 0.83 (0.32) | 0.38-1.65 | 1.05 (0.31) | 0.47-1.66 | 1.05 (0.30) | 0.60-1.74 | | Peak air pressure (cm H2O) | 10.81 (5.00) | 4.85-32.68 | 11.85 (5.34) | 4.46-23.22 | 14.64 (6.06) | 7.11-33.90 | | Mean peak air pressure (cm H2O) | 8.71 (4.01) | 3.82-26.04 | 9.25 (3.96) | 3.58-20.06 | 10.98 (3.90) | 5.13-17.59 | | Peak expiratory airflow (L/s) | 0.38 (0.27) | 0.03-1.03 | 0.38 (0.18) | 0.08-0.86 | 0.31 (0.17) | 0.0067-0.70 | | Target airflow (L/s) | 0.21 (0.11) | 0.02-0.46 | 0.23 (0.10) | 0.05-0.53 | 0.19 (0.11) | 0.001-0.44 | | Expiratory volume (L) | 0.17 (0.11) | 0.10-0.59 | 0.24 (0.14) | 0.04-0.57 | 0.20 (0.14) | 0.001-0.59 | | Mean airflow during voicing (L/s) | 0.20 (0.11) | 0.02-0.46 | 0.22 (0.10) | 0.05-0.51 | 0.18 (0.11) | 0.001-0.43 | | Aerodynamic power (W) | 0.20 (0.16) | 0.01-0.59 | 0.22 (0.15) | 0.03-0.59 | 0.21 (0.15) | 0.002-0.59 | | Aerodynamic resistance (cm H2O/L/Sn) | 100.49 (236.97) | 20.46-1386.54 | 48.61 (30.97) | 13.33-173.04 | 174.85 (420.55) | 12.09-2285.61 | | Acoustic ohms (dyne s cm5) | 102.87 (241.53) | 22.64-1413.97 | 49.38 (31.66) | 13.59-176.47 | 178.31 (428.87) | 12.34-2330.83 | | Aerodynamic efficiency (ppm) | 11102.94 (38165.33) | 229.66-228739.41 | 8507.71 (8648.68) | 105.53-35164.99 | 9594.30 (14383.53) | 1259.95-78035.27 |
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