Hypertension and the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: An Outcome-Wide Association Study of 67 Causes of Death in the National Health Interview Survey
Table 2
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality among participants with hypertension compared to participants without hypertension.
Total
No hypertension
Hypertension
(deaths)
(deaths)
HR
(deaths)
HR (95% CI)
value
All-cause mortality
11254
6119
1.00
5135
1.25 (1.19-1.31)
<0.0001
Infections
Septicemia
140
66
1.00
74
1.66 (1.06-2.59)
0.03
Viral hepatitis
28
18
1.00
10
1.54 (0.59-4.07)
0.38
Human immunodeficiency virus
72
47
1.00
25
1.49 (0.66-3.36)
0.33
Other infectious parasitic disease
31
13
1.00
18
2.67 (1.09-6.51)
0.03
Cancers
All cancers
2310
1347
1.00
963
1.05 (0.95-1.17)
0.36
Oral cavity, pharynx, lip
27
17
1.00
10
0.92 (0.40-2.14)
0.85
Esophagus
55
31
1.00
24
1.37 (0.71-2.65)
0.35
Stomach
53
32
1.00
21
0.94 (0.49-1.80)
0.85
Colon, rectum, anus
215
125
1.00
90
1.07 (0.78-1.48)
0.67
Liver and bile ducts
68
42
1.00
26
0.85 (0.45-1.61)
0.62
Pancreas
150
81
1.00
69
1.06 (0.71-1.59)
0.78
Larynx
20
13
1.00
7
0.80 (0.28-2.32)
0.68
Lung, trachea, bronchus
733
424
1.00
309
1.20 (0.99-1.46)
0.06
Malignant melanoma
25
17
1.00
8
0.62 (0.21-1.82)
0.38
Breast (females)
128
79
1.00
49
0.83 (0.53-1.31)
0.43
Cervix uteri (females)
19
11
1.00
8
0.88 (0.32-2.40)
0.80
Uterus (females)
32
23
1.00
9
0.37 (0.15-0.90)
0.03
Ovaries (females)
62
36
1.00
26
0.88 (0.50-1.55)
0.66
Prostate (males)
86
49
1.00
37
0.89 (0.55-1.44)
0.63
Kidney and renal pelvis
58
32
1.00
26
1.46 (0.72-2.95)
0.30
Bladder
48
35
1.00
13
0.54 (0.25-1.14)
0.11
Brain, nervous system
42
23
1.00
19
1.37 (0.66-2.82)
0.40
Hodgkin’s disease
8
6
1.00
2
0.91 (0.18-4.56)
0.90
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
67
34
1.00
33
1.40 (0.77-2.54)
0.27
Leukemia
88
57
1.00
31
0.77 (0.46-1.29)
0.31
Multiple myeloma
37
20
1.00
17
0.77 (0.40-1.49)
0.45
All other and unspecified neoplasms
289
160
1.00
129
1.19 (0.87-1.61)
0.27
In situ and benign neoplasms
51
30
1.00
21
0.72 (0.39-1.33)
0.29
Endocrine, nutritional, metabolic diseases
Anaemia
17
10
1.00
7
0.99 (0.24-4.15)
0.99
Diabetes mellitus
319
113
1.00
206
1.97 (1.45-2.67)
<0.0001
Malnutrition
14
9
1.00
5
0.39 (0.12-1.28)
0.12
Nervous system
Parkinson’s disease
61
34
1.00
27
1.16 (0.66-2.05)
0.61
Alzheimer’s disease
207
128
1.00
79
0.65 (0.47-0.92)
0.01
Circulatory disease
All circulatory diseases
3821
1756
1.00
2065
1.49 (1.37-1.61)
<0.0001
Primary hypertension, renal disease
115
36
1.00
79
3.11 (1.82-5.30)
<0.0001
Hypertensive heart disease
134
46
1.00
88
3.23 (2.00-5.20)
<0.0001
Hypertensive heart and renal disease
17
4
1.00
13
2.23 (0.64-7.77)
0.21
Ischemic heart disease
2050
991
1.00
1059
1.35 (1.23-1.49)
<0.0001
Acute myocardial infarction
777
359
1.00
418
1.50 (1.27-1.77)
<0.0001
Other acute ischemic heart diseases
15
5
1.00
10
2.88 (0.85-9.72)
0.09
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
301
175
1.00
126
0.95 (0.72-1.27)
0.74
Other chronic ischemic heart diseases
957
452
1.00
505
1.35 (1.17-1.56)
<0.0001
Heart failure
235
110
1.00
125
1.17 (0.85-1.61)
0.33
All other forms of heart disease
480
226
1.00
254
1.51 (1.21-1.89)
<0.0001
Cerebrovascular disease
618
266
1.00
352
1.64 (1.37-1.97)
<0.0001
Atherosclerosis
30
14
1.00
16
1.64 (0.69-3.92)
0.26
Other diseases of the circulatory system
142
63
1.00
79
1.71 (1.09-2.69)
0.02
Aortic aneurysm and dissection
74
32
1.00
42
1.58 (0.89-2.80)
0.12
Other diseases of arteries or capillaries
48
22
1.00
26
1.73 (0.72-4.15)
0.22
Other disorders of the circulatory system
20
9
1.00
11
2.58 (0.71-9.30)
0.15
Respiratory diseases
Pneumonia
239
137
1.00
102
0.94 (0.70-1.26)
0.66
Emphysema
62
36
1.00
26
1.18 (0.65-2.13)
0.59
Other chronic lower respiratory diseases
492
258
1.00
234
1.39 (1.12-1.73)
0.003
Pneumonitis from solids and liquids
74
47
1.00
27
0.72 (0.40-1.28)
0.26
Other respiratory system diseases
141
74
1.00
67
1.16 (0.75-1.80)
0.49
Digestive diseases
Alcoholic liver disease
80
51
1.00
29
1.65 (0.88-3.08)
0.12
Other chronic liver diseases
87
46
1.00
41
1.89 (1.06-3.37)
0.03
Cholelithiasis, gallbladder disease
14
5
1.00
9
1.56 (0.42-5.80)
0.51
Urinary tract disease
Kidney failure
186
71
1.00
115
1.91 (1.33-2.74)
0.001
Abnormal clinical, lab findings
116
65
1.00
51
1.12 (0.75-1.68)
0.58
Transport injuries
Motor vehicle accidents
173
126
1.00
47
1.60 (1.07-2.37)
0.02
Unintentional injuries
1.00
Falls
81
51
1.00
30
1.00 (0.54-1.87)
0.99
Other nontransport accidents combined
186
130
1.00
56
1.20 (0.82-1.75)
0.36
Self-harm, interpersonal violence
1.00
Suicide
151
115
1.00
36
1.03 (0.62-1.73)
0.90
Homicide
56
46
1.00
10
0.56 (0.25-1.26)
0.16
All other diseases (residual)
910
464
1.00
446
1.30 (1.10-1.54)
0.002
All other causes/all unknown causes
1135
826
1.00
309
1.00 (0.85-1.18)
0.99
Multivariable adjustment for age, sex, education, race, income, alcohol, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, and survey year.
