Specific Cytokine Profiles Predict the Severity of Influenza A Pneumonia: A Prospectively Multicenter Pilot Study

Table 3

Levels of 11 cytokines in different subgroups of patients with influenza A pneumonia.

	NSP ()	SP ()		Survival ()	Nonsurvival ()
TNF-α, pg/ml	18.51 (6.62-33.31)	10.03 (5.71-64.36)	0.627	17.64 (5.81-38.13)	13.60 (6.20-178.24)	0.909
IFN-γ, pg/ml	41.97 (22.56-56.69)	69.36 (53.27-153.57)	0.009	48.92 (25.89-64.64)	98.74 (32.91-557.81)	0.185
IL-2, pg/ml	60.03 (37.57-88.18)	103.27 (77.85-119.44)	0.008	67.26 (45.19-97.71)	105.47 (88.41-128.77)	0.043
IL-4, pg/ml	31.73 (21.10-42.48)	36.61 (28.65-43.02)	0.483	32.95 (21.42-40.03)	36.64 (30.19-49.81)	0.321
IL-5, pg/ml	2.47 (1.70-6.67)	1.52 (1.26-1.70)	< 0.0001	2.03 (1.59-4.83)	1.44 (0.71-1.59)	0.001
IL-25, pg/ml	133.39 (103.49-261.53)	83.87 (0.71-120.55)	0.009	133.39 (93.81-229.56)	83.87 (42.29-146.21)	0.202
IL-6, pg/ml	14.05 (6.79-65.12)	569.14 (80.47-1826.25)	0.002	18.13 (6.91-99.67)	865.65 (272.08-2979.5)	< 0.0001
IL-17A, pg/ml	14.87 (7.27-33.95)	4.79 (3.67-8.19)	< 0.0001	11.32 (5.93-32.55)	4.56 (3.47-6.96)	0.012
IL-22, pg/ml	12.62 (8.98-32.82)	7.08 (0.71-10.72)	0.006	11.50 (8.20-26.96)	0.71 (0.71-11.59)	0.043
IL-23, pg/ml	194.89 (129.76-340.71)	110.42 (77.91-198.94)	0.059	183.23 (112.94-302.15)	105.64 (63.20-186.44)	0.086
IL-10, pg/ml	4.24 (0.71-10.21)	22.33 (3.74-88.01)	0.065	4.60 (0.71-11.06)	8.11 (3.37-526.30)	0.277

Abbreviations: NSP: nonsevere pneumonia; SP: severe pneumonia; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin.