Application of Mixed Reality Using Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays in Transforaminal Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy

Figure 2

Integration of the three-dimensional (3D) model in the patient’s body according to the external markers and internal anatomical landmarks. (a, b) The 3D model is matched with the patient’s body from different directions. (c, d) Specific internal anatomical landmarks, such as the superior facet process of dorsal vertebra and the middle of the superior endplate, are identified by fluoroscopy and are used for matching with the 3D model.

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