Application of Mixed Reality Using Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays in Transforaminal Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy

Table 2

Clinical outcomes of the two groups.

	MixR-assisted TPED group	Conventional TPED group
Preoperative NRS
Back pain			0.45
Leg pain			0.46
Preoperative ODI (%)			0.60
Postoperative NRS
Back pain			0.40
Leg pain			0.31
Postoperative ODI (%)			0.14
Improved NRS
Back pain			0.99
Leg pain			0.75
Improved ODI (%)			0.86
Operation time (min)			0.01

TPED: transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy; MixR: mixed reality; NRS-LP: numerical rating scale for leg pain; NRS-BP: numerical rating scale for back pain; ODI: Oswestry Disability Index.